Biophysical basis for brain folding and misfolding patterns in ferrets and humans
A mechanistic understanding of neurodevelopment requires us to follow the multiscale processes that connect molecular genetic processes to macroscopic cerebral cortical formations and thence to neurological function. Using magnetic resonance imaging of the brain of the ferret, a model organism for studying cortical morphogenesis, we create in vitro physical gel models and in silico numerical simulations of normal brain gyrification. Using observations of genetically manipulated animal models, we identify cerebral cortical thickness and cortical expansion rate as the primary drivers of dysmorphogenesis and demonstrate that in silico models allow us to examine the causes of aberrations in morphology and developmental processes at various stages of cortical ontogenesis. Finally, we explain analogous cortical malformations in human brains, with comparisons with human phenotypes induced by the same genetic defects, providing a unified perspective on brain morphogenesis that is driven proximally by genetic causes and affected mechanically via variations in the geometry of the brain and differential growth of the cortex. Impact statementPhysical gel models and numerical simulations are created to study ferret brain gyrification and cortical malformations, and comparisons with human phenotypes are presented to link genetics and brain morphogenesis.