Biology subjects

Sivaraju, A.

Publications and source records attributed to Sivaraju, A..

2 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2023

Statistical learning in epilepsy: Behavioral, anatomical, and causal mechanisms in the human brain

Statistical learning, the fundamental cognitive ability of humans to extract regularities across experiences over time, engages the medial temporal lobe in the healthy brain. This leads to the hypothesis that statistical learning may be impaired in epilepsy patients, and that this impairment could contribute to their varied memory deficits. In turn, epilepsy patients provide a platform to advance basic understanding of statistical learning by helping to evaluate the necessity of medial temporal lobe circuitry through disease and causal perturbations. We implemented behavioral testing, volumetric analysis of the medial temporal lobe substructures, and direct electrical brain stimulation to examine statistical learning across a cohort of 61 epilepsy patients and 28 healthy controls. Behavioral performance in a statistical learning task was negatively associated with seizure frequency, irrespective of where seizures originated in the brain. The volume of hippocampal subfields CA1 and CA2/3 correlated with statistical learning performance, suggesting a more specific role of the hippocampus. Indeed, transient direct electrical stimulation of the hippocampus disrupted statistical learning. Furthermore, the relationship between statistical learning and seizure frequency was selective: behavioral performance in an episodic memory task was impacted by structural lesions in the medial temporal lobe and by antiseizure medications, but not by seizure frequency. Overall, these results suggest that statistical learning may be hippocampally dependent and that this task could serve as a clinically useful behavioral assay of seizure frequency distinct from existing neuropsychological tests. Simple and short statistical learning tasks may thus provide patient-centered endpoints for evaluating the efficacy of novel treatments in epilepsy.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2023

Online abstraction during statistical learning revealed by neural entrainment from intracranial recordings

We encounter the same people, places, and objects in predictable sequences and configurations. These regularities are learned efficiently by humans via statistical learning. Importantly, statistical learning creates knowledge not only of specific regularities, but also of more abstract, generalizable regularities. However, prior evidence of such abstract learning comes from post-learning behavioral tests, leaving open the question of whether abstraction occurs online during initial exposure. We address this question by measuring neural entrainment during statistical learning with intracranial recordings. Neurosurgical patients viewed a stream of scene photographs with regularities at one of two levels: In the Exemplar-level Structured condition, the same photographs appeared repeatedly in pairs. In the Category-level Structured condition, the photographs were trial-unique but their categories were paired across repetitions. In a baseline Random condition, the same photographs repeated but in a scrambled order. We measured entrainment at the frequency of individual photographs, which was expected in all conditions, but critically also at half of that frequency -- the rate at which to-be-learned pairs appeared in the two structured conditions (but not the random condition). Neural entrainment to both exemplar and category pairs emerged within minutes throughout visual cortex and in frontal and temporal brain regions. Many electrode contacts were sensitive to only one level of structure, but a significant number encoded both exemplar and category regularities. These findings suggest that abstraction occurs spontaneously during statistical learning, providing insight into the brains unsupervised mechanisms for building flexible and robust knowledge that generalizes across input variation and conceptual hierarchies.

neuroscience↗