Programmable macromolecule delivery via engineered trogocytosis
Trogocytosis, the transfer of plasma membrane fragments during cell-cell contact, offers potential for macromolecular delivery but is limited by uncertain fate of trogocytosed molecules, constraints to membrane cargo, and unclear generalizability. Here, we demonstrate that donor cells engineered with designed receptors specific to intrinsic ligands can transfer proteins to recipient cells through direct contact. We identified key principles for enhancing contact-mediated transfer and subsequent functionalization of transferred macromolecules, including receptor design, pH-responsive membrane fusion, inducible cargo localization, release, and subcellular translocation. Exploiting these findings, we developed TRANSFER, a versatile delivery system that integrates logic gate-based control to sense multiple ligand inputs and deliver diverse functional cargos for genome editing and targeted cell ablation across cell types. The study establishes trogocytosis as a novel, programmable framework for cell-based macromolecular delivery.