Biology subjects

Singh, A.

Publications and source records attributed to Singh, A..

At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources

bioRxiv2024

Projection-Targeted Photopharmacology Reveals Distinct Anxiolytic Roles for Presynaptic mGluR2 in Prefrontal- and Insula-Amygdala Synapses

Dissecting how membrane receptors regulate neural circuit function is critical for deciphering basic principles of neuromodulation and mechanisms of therapeutic drug action. Classical pharmacological and genetic approaches are not well-equipped to untangle the roles of specific receptor populations, especially in long-range projections which coordinate communication between brain regions. Here we use viral tracing, electrophysiological, optogenetic, and photopharmacological approaches to determine how presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2) activation in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) alters anxiety-related behavior. We find that mGluR2-expressing neurons from the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and posterior insular cortex (pIC) preferentially target distinct cell types and subregions of the BLA to regulate different forms of avoidant behavior. Using projection-specific photopharmacological activation, we find that mGluR2-mediated presynaptic inhibition of vmPFC-BLA, but not pIC-BLA, connections can produce long-lasting decreases in spatial avoidance. In contrast, presynaptic inhibition of pIC-BLA connections decreased social avoidance, novelty-induced hypophagia, and increased exploratory behavior without impairing working memory, establishing this projection as a novel target for the treatment of anxiety disorders. Overall, this work reveals new aspects of BLA neuromodulation with therapeutic implications while establishing a powerful approach for optical mapping of drug action via photopharmacology. Highlights- Basolateral amygdala is a key site for anxiolytic action of mGluR2 agonism - BLA receives dense Grm2+ inputs from ventromedial prefrontal cortex and posterior insular cortex - Photoactivation of mGluR2 has distinct anxiolytic effects in vmPFC-BLA and pIC-BLA synapses - Grm2+ vmPFC and pIC projections target medial and lateral BLA subregions, respectively

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2024

Nitrogen Management on Improving Resilience of Flood-Tolerant (Sub1) Rice Varieties in Flood-Prone Rainfed Lowlands

Flash flood causing submergence adversely affects rice production in vast areas of rainfed lowlands of South and Southeast Asia. Introgression at the Sub1 locus by molecularly assisted backcrossing incorporated tolerance into varieties traditional/modern high-yielding varieties and has released some varieties for commercial planting by Indian farmers. In the present study, we investigated the application of fractional N to further improve the survival and productivity potential of two Sub1 introgression varieties, Sambha Mahsuri-Sub1, and BR11-Sub1.Thirty days (d) old seedlings were transplanted, and 28-d after transplanting i.e. 58 days old seedlings were completely submerged for 18-d. Full doses of phosphorus and potassium were applied as a basal, while nitrogen was applied in split doses. Plant survival was recorded at 0, 5 and 20 days after de-submergence (AS) to study the recovery dynamics of cultivar Sub1. Results evidently established that varieties with higher biomass, tiller number, total chlorophyll and soluble sugars concentrations before flooding have higher survival rates after water drainage. They also had faster growth and better recovery, which was reflected in yield characteristics and grain yield. The 20-day and 40- day AS N application replenished flood-disturbed soil N pools, resulting in higher N uptake and N-use efficiency. These results may contribute to better nitrogen fertilization programs for rice crops and improve stress tolerance in newly developed tolerant rice varieties. It is evident from perusal of results that treatment T2 i.e.1/4 N applied as a basal and rest of residual N applied in three split doses respectively after de-submergence on days 5, 20 and 40 resulted in higher survival thanT1 and T3 respectively minimising mortality rate. This method of nitrogen fertilization (T2) also significantly affected plant-1 stem biomass, plant-1 tiller number, total chlorophyll, and soluble sugar concentrations before and after flooding. Based on these findings we proposed that application of lower dose of N (30kg/ha) as basal and rest amount of N in three split doses along with P and K (40kg/ha) in the field might be exploited to improve submergence tolerance and to obtain higher yield under flood prone ecosystem due to higher survival after de submergence corresponding to less post oxidative damage through proper N management during before and post submergence period.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2024

MATE-Pred: Multimodal Attention-based TCR-Epitope interaction Predictor

An accurate binding affinity prediction between T-cell receptors and epitopes contributes decisively to develop successful immunotherapy strategies. Some state-of-the-art computational methods implement deep learning techniques by integrating evolutionary features to convert the amino acid residues of cell receptors and epitope sequences into numerical values, while some other methods employ pre-trained language models to summarize the embedding vectors at the amino acid residue level to obtain sequence-wise representations. Here, we propose a highly reliable novel method, MATE-Pred, that performs multi-modal attention-based prediction of T-cell receptors and epitopes binding affinity. The MATE-Pred is compared and benchmarked with other deep learning models that leverage multi-modal representations of T-cell receptors and epitopes. In the proposed method, the textual representation of proteins is embedded with a pre-trained bi-directional encoder model and combined with two additional modalities: a) a comprehensive set of selected physicochemical properties; b) predicted contact maps that estimate the 3D distances between amino acid residues in the sequences. The MATE-Pred demonstrates the potential of multi-modal model in achieving state-of-the-art performance (+8.4% MCC, +5.5% AUC compared to baselines) and efficiently capturing contextual, physicochemical, and structural information from amino acid residues. The performance of MATE-Pred projects its potential application in various drug discovery regimes.

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2024

A Murine Model of Post-acute Neurological Sequelae Following SARS-CoV-2 Variant Infection

Viral variant is one known risk factor associated with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), yet the pathogenesis is largely unknown. Here, we studied SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant-induced PASC in K18-hACE2 mice. The virus replicated productively, induced robust inflammatory responses in lung and brain tissues, and caused weight loss and mortality during the acute infection. Longitudinal behavior studies in surviving mice up to 4 months post-acute infection revealed persistent abnormalities in neuropsychiatric state and motor behaviors, while reflex and sensory functions recovered over time. Surviving mice showed no detectable viral RNA in the brain and minimal neuroinflammation post-acute infection. Transcriptome analysis revealed persistent activation of immune pathways, including humoral responses, complement, and phagocytosis, and reduced levels of genes associated with ataxia telangiectasia, impaired cognitive function and memory recall, and neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. Furthermore, surviving mice maintained potent T helper 1 prone cellular immune responses and high neutralizing antibodies against Delta and Omicron variants in the periphery for months post-acute infection. Overall, infection in K18-hACE2 mice recapitulates the persistent clinical symptoms reported in long COVID patients and may be useful for future assessment of the efficacy of vaccines and therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 variants.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2023

Highly multiplexed, image-based pooled screens in primary cells and tissues with PerturbView

Optical pooled screening (OPS) is a highly scalable method for linking image-based phenotypes with cellular perturbations. However, it has thus far been restricted to relatively low-plex phenotypic readouts in cancer cell lines in culture, due to limitations associated with in situ sequencing (ISS) of perturbation barcodes. Here, we developed PerturbView, an OPS technology that leverages in vitro transcription (IVT) to amplify barcodes prior to ISS, enabling screens with highly multiplexed phenotypic readouts across diverse systems, including primary cells and tissues. We demonstrate PerturbView in iPSC-derived neurons, primary immune cells, and tumor tissue sections from animal models. In a screen of immune signaling pathways in primary bone marrow-derived macrophages, PerturbView uncovered both known and novel regulators of NF{kappa}B signaling. Furthermore, we combined PerturbView with spatial transcriptomics in tissue sections from a mouse xenograft model, paving the way to in vivo screens with rich optical and transcriptomic phenotypes. PerturbView broadens the scope of OPS to a wide range of models and applications.

systems biology↗

bioRxiv2023

An isogenic E. coli population gives rise to multiple persister phenotypes

Bacterial persisters are a subpopulation of multidrug-tolerant cells capable of surviving and resuming activity after exposure to bactericidal antibiotic concentrations, contributing to relapsing infections and the development of antibiotic resistance. We challenge the conventional view that persisters are metabolically dormant by providing compelling evidence that an isogenic population of Escherichia coli remains metabolically active in persistence. Our transcriptomic analysis, conducted at various time points following exposure to bactericidal concentrations of ampicillin (Amp), revealed a number of genes with differential expression over time. Some genes were consistently upregulated in Amp treated persisters compared to the untreated controls, a change that can only occur in metabolically active cells capable of increasing RNA levels. Some of these genes have been previously linked to persister cells, while others have not been associated with them before. If persister cells were metabolically dormant, we would expect minimal changes in the gene network across different time points of Amp treatment. However, network analysis revealed major shifts in gene network activity at various time points of antibiotic exposure. These findings reveal that persisters are metabolically active, non-dividing cells, thereby challenging the notion that they are dormant. Significance statementBacterial persisters are a subpopulation renowned for their multidrug tolerance and remarkable ability to survive bactericidal antibiotic treatments; understanding their formation and long-term survival presents significant challenges. These persisters play a critical role in driving antibiotic resistance, underscoring the urgency of deepening our knowledge about them as the threat of resistance continues to escalate. Our study challenges the long-held assumption that persisters are metabolically inactive and that persisters are not as dormant as previously thought.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2023

Interaction with IP6K1 supports pyrophosphorylation of substrate proteins by the inositol pyrophosphate 5-IP7

Inositol pyrophosphates (PP-IPs) are a sub-family of water soluble inositol phosphates that possess one or more diphosphate groups. PP-IPs can transfer their {beta}-phosphate group to a phosphorylated Ser residue to generate pyrophosphorylated Ser. This unique post-translational modification occurs on Ser residues that lie in acidic stretches within an intrinsically disordered protein sequence. Serine pyrophosphorylation is dependent on the presence of Mg2+ ions, but does not require an enzyme for catalysis. The mechanisms by which cells can regulate this enzyme-independent modification are still unknown. Here, we show that IP6K1, an enzyme responsible for the synthesis of the PP-IP 5-IP7, interacts with several proteins that undergo 5-IP7 mediated pyrophosphorylation, and with CK2, a protein kinase that phosphorylates Ser residues prior to pyrophosphorylation. We characterized the interaction of IP6K1 with AP3B1, the {beta} subunit of the AP3 adaptor protein complex, which is a known pyrophosphorylation substrate. We observe the formation of a protein complex between IP6K1, AP3B1, and the catalytic -subunit of CK2, and show that disrupting IP6K1 binding to AP3B1 lowers its in vivo pyrophosphorylation. We propose that assembly of a substrate-CK2-IP6K complex would allow for coordinated pre-phosphorylation and pyrophosphorylation of the target serine residue, and provide a mechanism to regulate this enzyme-independent modification.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2023

Development of adaptive anoikis resistance promotes metastasis that can be overcome by CDK8/19 Mediator kinase inhibition

Anoikis resistance or evasion of cell death triggered by matrix detachment is a hallmark of cancer cell survival and metastasis. We show that repeated exposure to suspension stress followed by recovery under attached conditions leads to development of anoikis resistance. The acquisition of anoikis resistance is associated with enhanced invasion, chemoresistance, and immune evasion in vitro and distant metastasis in vivo. This acquired anoikis resistance is not genetic, persisting for a finite duration without detachment stress, but is sensitive to CDK8/19 Mediator kinase inhibition that can also reverse anoikis resistance. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that CDK8/19 kinase inhibition induces bidirectional transcriptional changes in both sensitive and resistant cells, disrupting the balanced reprogramming required for anoikis adaptation and resistance by reversing some resistance associated pathways and enhancing others. Both anoikis resistance and in vivo metastatic growth of ovarian cancers are sensitive to CDK8/19 inhibition, thereby providing a therapeutic opportunity to both prevent and suppress ovarian cancer metastasis.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2023

A mitochondrial quality control mechanism reverses the phagosome maturation arrest caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Phagosome maturation arrest (PMA) imposed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a classic tool that helps Mtb evade macrophage anti-bacterial responses. The exclusion of RAB7, a small GTPase, from Mtb-phagosomes causes PMA. Here, we report an unexpected mechanism that triggers crosstalk between the mitochondrial quality control (MQC) and the phagosome maturation pathways that reverses the PMA. CRISPR-mediated p62/SQSTM1 depletion (p62KD) does not appear to impact mitochondrial quality. The p62KD cells are restrictive to Mtb growth, triggered by an increasingly oxidative environment and increased lysosomal targeting. The lysosomal targeting of Mtb is facilitated by enhanced TOM20+ mitochondria-derived vesicles (MDVs) biogenesis, a key MQC mechanism. In p62KD cells, TOM20+-MDVs biogenesis is MIRO1/MIRO2-dependent and gets delivered to lysosomes for degradation in a RAB7-dependent manner. Upon infection in p62KD cells, TOM20+-MDVs get extensively targeted to Mtb-phagosomes, inadvertently facilitating RAB7 recruitment, PMA reversal and lysosomal targeting of Mtb; the phenotype also replicated in p62/SQSTM1 knockout cells. Triggering MQC collapse in p62KDcells further diminishes Mtb survival, signifying cooperation between redox- and lysosome-mediated mechanisms. The MQC-anti-bacterial pathway crosstalk could be exploited for host-directed anti-tuberculosis therapies.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2023

Comprehensive Codon Usage Analysis Across Diverse Plant Lineages

The variation of codon usage patterns in response to the evolution of organisms is an intriguing question to answer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relevance of the evolutionary events of vascularization and seed production with the codon usage patterns in different plant lineages. We found that the optimal codons of non-vascular lineages generally end with GC, whereas those of the vascular lineages end with AU. Correspondence analysis and model-based clustering showed that the evolution of the codon usage pattern follows the evolutionary event of the vascularization more precisely than that of the seed production. The dinucleotides CpG and TpA were under-represented in all the lineages, whereas the dinucleotide TpG was found over-represented in all the lineages, except algae. Evolutionary-related lineages showed similar codon pair bias (CPB). The dinucleotide CpA showed a similar representation as those of its parent codon pairs. Although natural selection predominates over mutational pressure in determining the codon usage bias (CUB), the relative influence of mutational pressure is higher in the non-vascular lineages than in the vascular lineages.

evolutionary biology↗

bioRxiv2023

A novel highly divergent enteric calicivirus in a bovine calf, India

In 2015, a novel highly divergent bovine calicivirus was detected in an Indian calf with enteritis. Phylogenetic analysis linked it to the Nebovirus with only 38.5% sequence identities, emphasizing the need for separate taxonomic classification. Furthermore, PCR screening detected these unique caliciviruses widely in Indias northern states.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2023

Nuclear dualism without extensive DNA elimination in the ciliate Loxodes magnus

Ciliates are unicellular eukaryotes with two distinct kinds of nuclei in each cell: transcriptionally active somatic macronuclei (MAC) and silent germline micronuclei (MIC). In the best-studied model species, both nuclei can divide asexually, but only germline MICs participate in meiosis, karyogamy, and development into new MACs. During MIC-to-MAC development, thousands of mobile element relics in the germline, called internally eliminated sequences (IESs), are excised. This genome editing enables IESs to persist by shielding them from somatic natural selection. Editing itself is a costly, time-consuming process, hypothetically maintained by evolutionary addiction. Loxodes magnus and its relatives (class Karyorelictea) are cytologically unusual because their MACs do not divide asexually, but must develop anew from mitotically generated MIC copies every cell division. Here, we report that Loxodes genome development is also unconventional. We found no canonical germline-limited IESs in Loxodes despite careful purification and long-read sequencing of MICs and MACs. The k-mer content of these nuclei overlapped, and indels found by read mapping were consistent with allele variants rather than IESs. Two other hallmarks of genome editing--domesticated DDE-family transposases and editing-associated small RNAs--were also absent. Nonetheless, histone marks, nucleosome and DNA N6-methyladenosine distributions in vegetative Loxodes cells are consistent with actively transcribed MACs and inactive MICs, like other ciliates. Both genomes, not only the MIC, were large and replete with retrotransposon sequences. Given the costs associated with genome editing, we hypothesize that karyorelicteans like Loxodes have lost or streamlined editing during MIC-to-MAC development, and have found a way out of the addictive cycle.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2023

m6A RNA modification of mHtt intron 1 regulates the generation of Htt1a in Huntington's Disease

Huntingtons disease (HD) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expanded, somatically unstable CAG repeat in the first exon of the huntingtin gene (HTT). In the presence of an expanded CAG repeat, huntingtin mRNA undergoes an aberrant processing that generates HTT1a transcripts with exon 1 and intron 1 sequences, which encodes the aggregation-prone and pathogenic HTTexon 1 protein. The regulatory mechanisms that contribute to the production of HTT1a are not fully understood. In a previous transcriptome-wide m6A landscape study performed in Hdh+/Q111 knock-in mice, we have found that the proximal region of intron 1 to exon1-intron 1 splice site in Htt RNA is highly modified by m6A. Several pieces of evidence have demonstrated that m6A is involved in RNA processing and splicing. Therefore, in this study we set out to explore the impact of m6A RNA modifications in the generation of Htt1a. We show in the striatum of Hdh+/Q111 mice that m6A is enriched in intronic sequences 5 to the cryptic poly (A) sites (IpA1 and IpA2) at 680 and 1145 bp into intron 1 as well as in Htt1a polyadenylated mRNA. We also verified the presence of specific m6A-modified sites near the 5 exon1-intron1 splice donor site. Intronic HTT m6A methylation was recapitulated in human samples showing a significantly increased methylation ratio in HD putamen post-mortem samples and in HD fibroblast cell lines from pre-symptomatic and symptomatic patients. In order to test the hypothesis that the m6A modification is involved in mutant Htt RNA processing, we performed a pharmacological inhibition of METTL3 and a targeted demethylation of Htt intron 1 in HD cells using a dCas13-ALKBH5 system. We found that Htt1a transcript levels in HD cells are regulated by METTL3 and by methylation status in Htt intron 1. Site-specific manipulation with an RNA editing system resulted in decreased expression levels of Htt1a, which was accompanied by a reduction in DNA damage, a major hallmark in HD. Finally, we propose that m6A methylation in intron 1 is likely dependent on the expanded CAG repeats. These findings provide insight into the role of m6A in the generation of the aberrantly spliced mutant Htt transcripts with important implications for therapeutic strategies.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2023

Coordinated differentiation of human intestinal organoids with functional enteric neurons and vasculature

Human intestinal organoids (HIOs) derived from human pluripotent stem cells co-differentiate both epithelial and mesenchymal lineages in vitro but lack important cell types such as neurons, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle. Here, we report an in vitro method to derive HIOs with epithelium, mesenchyme, enteric neuroglial populations, endothelial cells, and organized smooth muscle in a single differentiation, without the need for co-culture. When transplanted into a murine host, these populations expand and organize to support organoid maturation and function. Functional experiments demonstrate enteric nervous system function, with HIOs undergoing peristaltic-like contractions, suggesting the development of a functional neuromuscular unit. HIOs also form functional vasculature, demonstrated in vitro using microfluidic devices to introduce vascular-like flow, and in vivo following transplantation, where HIO endothelial cells anastomose with host vasculature. Collectively, we report an in vitro model of the human gut that simultaneously co-differentiates epithelial, stromal, endothelial, neural, and organized muscle populations.

bioengineering↗

bioRxiv2023

Nature and location of modifier alleles determine the resolution of intralocus sexual conflict

When selection favours different levels of expression for a shared trait in males and females, the population is said to be in Intralocus Sexual Conflict (IaSC). In a landmark study, Connallon and Clark (2010) showed that modifiers (alleles at a different locus that alter the expression of the trait under IaSC in a sex-specific manner), effectively resolve IaSC. Their model assumed that modifier alleles are "perfect"; i.e., they fully rescue the harmful effects of the deleterious allele while leaving the positive effects of the beneficial allele unaffected. In the present study, we relaxed this assumption to include more realistic "imperfect" modifier alleles. Imperfect modifiers are those that reduce the expressions of both detrimental allele and beneficial allele to different extents in a given sex. We also ask whether autosomes or X chromosomes are more conducive to resolution of IaSC. Our results suggest that the resolution of IaSC may not always be guaranteed when the modifier allele is "imperfect." Interestingly, IaSC gets resolved more easily on autosomes only when modifier alleles are "perfect" or near "perfect" in concordance with the assumption made by Connallon and Clark (2010). However, in general, X chromosomes are more conducive to the resolution of IaSC.

evolutionary biology↗

bioRxiv2023

Agent-based Model for Microbial Populations Exposed to Radiation (AMMPER) simulates yeast growth for deep-space experiments

Space radiation poses a substantial health risk to humans traveling beyond Earths orbit to the Moon and Mars. As microbes come with us to space as model organisms for studying radiation effects, a computational model simulating those effects on microorganisms could enable us to better design and interpret those experiments. Here we present Agent-based Model for Microbial Populations Exposed to Radiation (AMMPER), which simulates the effects of protons, a major component of deep-space radiation, on budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) growth. The model combines radiation track structure data from the RITRACKS package with novel algorithms for cell replication, motion, damage, and repair. We demonstrate that AMMPER qualitatively reproduces the effects of 150 MeV proton radiation on growth rate, but not lag time, of wild type and DNA repair mutant yeast strains. The variance in AMMPERs results is consistent with the variance in experimental results, suggesting that AMMPER can recapitulate the stochasticity of empirical experiments. Finally, we used AMMPER to predict responses to deep space radiation that may be tested in future experiments. A user-friendly, open-source, extendable Python package for studying the relationship between single-particle radiation events and population-level responses, AMMPER can facilitate the basic research necessary to ensure safe and sustainable exploration of deep space.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2023

A novel bioinformatics pipeline for the identification of immune inhibitory receptors as potential therapeutic targets

Blocking inhibitory receptors like PD-1 and CTLA-4 has revolutionized cancer treatment in recent years. However, despite major successes in melanoma and lung cancer, the majority of cancer types are not responsive to these immunotherapies. As such, there is an ongoing need for the identification of novel inhibitory receptors as drug targets. Most inhibitory receptors signal via immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) and previous studies have estimated that our genome contains over 1600 ITIM- bearing transmembrane proteins. However, further testing and development of this large number of candidates requires increased understanding of their expression patterns and likelihood to function as inhibitory receptor. To assist in the selection of novel inhibitory receptor as therapeutic targets, we designed a novel bioinformatics pipeline integrating machine learning-guided structural predictions and sequence-based likelihood models to identify 51 known and 390 putative inhibitory receptors. Using publicly available transcriptomics data of immune cells, we determined the expression of these novel inhibitory receptors, and classified them into previously proposed functional categories. Known and putative inhibitory receptors were expressed across a wide variety of immune cells, and we found cell type-specific patterns in expression of these receptors. We used our pipeline to study inhibitory receptor expression patterns in single cell transcriptomics data of tumour infiltrating T cells. We determined that putative immune inhibitory receptors were expressed differentially in CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets, including exhausted CD8+ T cells and CD4+ memory T cells, which could allow for subset-specific targeting. In conclusion, we present an inhibitory receptor pipeline that identifies 51 known and 390 novel inhibitory receptors. This pipeline will support future drug target selection across diseases where therapeutic targeting of immune inhibitory receptors is warranted.

immunology↗

bioRxiv2023

Individual tree crown maps for the National Ecological Observatory Network

The ecology of forest ecosystems depends on the composition of trees. Capturing fine-grained information on individual trees at broad scales provides a unique perspective on forest ecosystems, forest restoration and responses to disturbance. Individual tree data at wide extents promises to increase the scale of forest analysis, biogeographic research, and ecosystem monitoring without losing details on individual species composition and abundance. Computer vision using deep neural networks can convert raw sensor data into predictions of individual canopy tree species through labeled data collected by field researchers. Using over 40,000 individual tree stems as training data, we create landscape-level species predictions for over 100 million individual trees across 24 sites in the National Ecological Observatory Network. Using hierarchical multi-temporal models fine-tuned for each geographic area, we produce open-source data available as 1 km2 shapefiles with individual tree species prediction, as well as crown location, crown area and height of 81 canopy tree species. Site-specific models had an average performance of 79% accuracy covering an average of six species per site, ranging from 3 to 15 species per site. All predictions are openly archived and have been uploaded to Google Earth Engine to benefit the ecology community and overlay with other remote sensing assets. We outline the potential utility and limitations of these data in ecology and computer vision research, as well as strategies for improving predictions using targeted data sampling.

ecology↗