Biology subjects

Shelton, K. A.

Publications and source records attributed to Shelton, K. A..

3 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2024

The Novel Chimeric Multi-Agonist Peptide (GEP44) Reduces Energy Intake and Body Weight in Male and Female Diet-Induced Obese Mice in a Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor-Dependent Manner

We recently reported that a novel chimeric peptide (GEP44) targeting both the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and neuropeptide Y1- and Y2 receptor (Y1R and Y2R) reduced energy intake and body weight (BW) in diet-induced obese (DIO) rats. We hypothesized that GEP44 reduces energy intake and BW primarily through a GLP-1R dependent mechanism. To test this hypothesis, GLP-1R+/+ mice and GLP-1R null (GLP-1R-/-) mice were fed a high fat diet for 4 months to elicit diet-induced obesity prior to undergoing a sequential 3-day vehicle period, 3-day drug treatment (5, 10, 20 or 50 nmol/kg; GEP44 vs the selective GLP-1R agonist, exendin-4) and a 3-day washout. Energy intake, BW, core temperature and activity were measured daily. GEP44 (10, 20 and 50 nmol/kg) reduced BW after 3-day treatment in DIO male GLP-1R+/+ mice by - 1.5{+/-}0.6, -1.3{+/-}0.4 and -1.9{+/-}0.4 grams, respectively (P<0.05), with similar effects being observed in female GLP-1R+/+ mice. These effects were absent in male and female DIO GLP-1R-/- mice suggesting that GLP-1R signaling contributes to GEP44-elicited reduction of BW. Further, GEP44 decreased energy intake in both male and female DIO GLP-1R+/+ mice, but GEP44 appeared to produce more consistent effects across multiple doses in males. In GLP-1R-/- mice, the effects of GEP44 on energy intake were only observed in males and not females, suggesting that GEP44 may reduce energy intake, in part, through a GLP-1R independent mechanism in males. In addition, GEP44 reduced core temperature and activity in both male and female GLP-1R+/+ mice suggesting that it may also reduce energy expenditure. Lastly, we show that GEP44 reduced fasting blood glucose in DIO male and female mice through GLP-1R. Together, these findings support the hypothesis that the chimeric peptide, GEP44, reduces energy intake, BW, core temperature, and glucose levels in male and female DIO mice primarily through a GLP-1R dependent mechanism.

pharmacology and toxicology↗

bioRxiv2022

Ultra-long-acting refillable nanofluidic implant confers full protection against SHIV infection in non-human primates

The impact of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) on slowing the global human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic hinges on effective drugs and delivery platforms. Oral regimens have represented the pillar of HIV PrEP for years. However, variable adherence has spurred development of long-acting delivery systems, which also aim at increasing PrEP access, uptake and persistence. Here we present an ultra-long-acting and transcutaneously refillable subcutaneous nanofluidic implant for constant and sustained release of islatravir (ISL), a nucleoside reverse transcriptase translocation inhibitor, for HIV PrEP. In rhesus macaques, the ISL-eluting implants (nISL) achieved constant plasma ISL levels (median 3.14 nM) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) ISL-triphosphate levels (ISL-TP) (median 0.16 pmol/106 cells) for over 20 months uninterrupted. These drug concentrations are above the established PrEP protection threshold. In two non-blinded, placebo-controlled studies with repeated low-dose rectal and vaginal SHIVSF162P3 challenges in male and female rhesus macaques, respectively, nISL implants conferred 100% protection against infection (p=0.0005 and 0.0009, respectively between nISL and placebo control groups). The nISL implants were well tolerated with mild local tissue inflammation and no signs of systemic toxicity over the 20-month period. Overall, our refillable nISL implant is a promising ultra-long-acting delivery technology for HIV PrEP. One Sentence SummaryAn ultra-long-acting and subcutaneous refillable nanofluidic implant achieved preventive levels of islatravir in non-human primates for 20 months without refilling and conferred 100% protection against rectal and vaginal SHIV transmission.

bioengineering↗

bioRxiv2020

Preventive efficacy of a tenofovir alafenamide fumarate nanofluidic implant in SHIV-challenged nonhuman primates

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) using antiretroviral oral drugs is effective at preventing HIV transmission when individuals adhere to the dosing regimen. Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) is a potent antiretroviral drug, with numerous long-acting (LA) delivery systems under development to improve PrEP adherence. However, none has undergone preventive efficacy assessment. Here we show that LA TAF using a novel subcutaneous nanofluidic implant (nTAF) confers partial protection from HIV transmission. We demonstrate that sustained subcutaneous delivery through nTAF in rhesus macaques maintained tenofovir diphosphate concentration at a median of 390.00 fmol/106 peripheral blood mononuclear cells, 9 times above clinically protective levels. In a non-blinded, placebo-controlled rhesus macaque study with repeated low-dose rectal SHIVSF162P3 challenge, the nTAF cohort had a 62.50% reduction (95% CI: 1.72% to 85.69%; p=0.068) in risk of infection per exposure compared to the control. Our finding mirrors that of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) monotherapy, where 60.00% protective efficacy was observed in macaques, and clinically, 67.00% reduction in risk with 86.00% preventive efficacy in individuals with detectable drug in the plasma. Overall, our nanofluidic technology shows potential as a subcutaneous delivery platform for long-term PrEP and provides insights for clinical implementation of LA TAF for HIV prevention.

bioengineering↗