Biology subjects

Shapiro, K.

Publications and source records attributed to Shapiro, K..

4 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2024

Postmortem findings of free-ranging North American beavers (Castor canadensis) reveal potential threats to California freshwater ecosystems

North American beavers (Castor canadensis) are semi-aquatic rodents recognized as keystone species that increase the diversity of freshwater ecosystems. This study aimed to characterize the mortality and pathological findings of free-ranging beavers in California and, based on these results, establish the potential threats to freshwater ecosystems. This study included eighteen beavers submitted for postmortem examination between 2008 and 2024 at the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, UC Davis. Gross and microscopic examination, bacteriological, parasitological, immunohistochemical, and molecular techniques were used as tools to diagnose the cause of death/reason for euthanasia and comorbidities in the beavers. Encephalitis caused by the larva migrans of Baylisascaris spp. was the most prevalent (9/18) cause of mortality/reason for euthanasia followed by bacterial infections in 6 individuals. In these 6 animals, bacterial bronchopneumonia was diagnosed in two (Staphylococcus aureus and a mix of gram-negative and -positive bacterial infection) and Listeria monocytogenes encephalitis, bacterial myofascitis (Aeromonas bestiarum and Pasteurella multocida), bacterial encephalitis (Acinetobacter towneri), and tularemia (Francisella tularensis) were diagnosed in one beaver each. Three animals died or were euthanized due to non-infectious causes including motor vehicle trauma, squamous cell carcinoma, and capture cardiomyopathy. Endoparasitism was the main comorbidity including granulomatous hepatitis by a suspected capillarid species, cerebral toxoplasmosis, Giardia infection, gastric nematodiasis, and cecal trematodiasis. In California, beavers are exposed to various pathogens that represent threats to humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. Since the interspecies transmission of these pathogens occurs in rivers, streams, lakes, and ponds, we suggest that studying beaver health can reflect freshwater ecosystem health. This study also indicates that the translocation of beavers into new areas without consideration and/or mitigation represents a potential risk for pathogen introduction.

pathology↗

bioRxiv2023

Alpha oscillations support the efficiency of guided visual search by inhibiting both target and distractor features in early visual cortex

Withdrawal StatementThe authors have withdrawn this manuscript owing to having received feedback that prompted a reconsideration of the findings in light of potential confounds associated with time-on-task effects, as highlighted by Benwell et al. (2019, NeuroImage). Subsequent in-depth analysis has led the authors to reassess the central assertions made in our original manuscript, and the main claims can no longer be supported. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as reference for the project. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding author.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2022

Cross-modal alterations of Alpha Activity do not reflect inhibition of early sensory processing: A frequency tagging study

Selective attention involves prioritizing relevant sensory input while suppressing irrelevant stimuli. It has been proposed that oscillatory alpha-band activity ([~]10 Hz) aids this process by functionally inhibiting early sensory regions. However, recent studies have challenged this notion. Our EEG and MEG studies aimed to investigate whether alpha oscillations serve as a gatekeeper for downstream signal transmission. We first observed these effects in an EEG study and then replicated them using MEG, which allowed us to localize the sources. We employed a cross-modal paradigm where visual cues indicated whether upcoming targets required visual or auditory discrimination. To assess inhibition, we utilized frequency-tagging, simultaneously flickering the fixation cross at 36 Hz and playing amplitude-modulated white noise at 40 Hz during the cue-to-target interval. Consistent with prior research, we observed an increase in posterior alpha activity following cues signalling auditory targets. However, remarkably, both visual and auditory frequency tagged responses amplified in anticipation of auditory targets, correlating with alpha activity amplitude. Our findings suggest that when attention shifts to auditory processing, the visual stream remains responsive and is not hindered by occipital alpha activity. This implies that alpha modulation does not solely regulate gain control in early visual areas but rather orchestrates signal transmission to later stages of the processing stream.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2021

Fronto-medial theta coordinates posterior maintenance of working memory content

How does the human brain manage multiple bits of information to guide goal-directed behaviour? Successful working memory (WM) functioning has consistently been linked to oscillatory power in the theta frequency band (4-8 Hz) over fronto-medial cortex (fronto-medial theta, FMT). Specifically, FMT is thought to reflect the mechanism of an executive sub-system that coordinates maintenance of memory contents in posterior regions. However, direct evidence for the role of FMT in controlling specific WM content is lacking. Here we collected high-density Electroencephalography (EEG) data whilst participants engaged in load-varying WM tasks and then used multivariate decoding methods to examine WM content during the maintenance period. Higher WM load elicited a focal increase in FMT. Importantly, decoding of WM content was driven by posterior/parietal sites, which in turn showed load-induced functional theta coupling with fronto-medial cortex. Finally, we observed a significant slowing of FMT frequency with increasing WM load, consistent with the hypothesised broadening of a theta duty cycle to accommodate additional WM items. Together these findings demonstrate that frontal theta orchestrates posterior maintenance of WM content. Moreover, the observed frequency slowing elucidates the function of FMT oscillations by specifically supporting phase-coding accounts of WM. Significance StatementHow does the brain juggle the maintenance of multiple items in working memory (WM)? Here we show that increased WM demands increase theta power (4-8 Hz) in fronto-medial cortex. Interestingly, using a machine learning approach, we found that the content held in WM could be read out not from frontal, but from posterior areas. These areas were in turn functionally coupled with fronto-medial cortex, consistent with the idea that frontal cortex orchestrates WM representations in posterior regions. Finally, we observed that holding an additional item in WM leads to significant slowing of the frontal theta rhythm, supporting computational models that postulate longer duty cycles to accommodate additional WM demands.

neuroscience↗