Biology subjects

Sethuramanujam, S.

Publications and source records attributed to Sethuramanujam, S..

3 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2021

Gain control by sparse, ultra-slow glycinergic synapses

SO_SCPLOWUMMARYC_SCPLOWRetinal ON starburst amacrine cells (SACs) play a critical role in computing stimulus direction, partly in service of image stabilization by optokinetic nystagmus. ON SAC responses are sculpted by rich GABAergic innervation, mostly from neighbouring SACs. Surprisingly, however, we find that glycinergic narrow field amacrine cells (NACs) serve as their dominant source of inhibition during sustained activity. Although NAC inputs constitute only [~]5% of inhibitory synapses to ON SACs, their distinct input patterns enable them to drive glycine inhibition during the both light increments and decrements. NAC-to-ON-SAC inhibition appears to be mediated by ultra-slow non-canonical glycine receptors containing the 4 subunit, which effectively summate during repetitive stimulation. Glycinergic inhibition strongly decreases the output gain of the SACs, ensuring that their direction-selective output is maintained over their operating range. These results reveal an unexpected role for glycinergic pathways and receptor kinetics in modulating direction selectivity in the retina.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2020

Rapid 'multi-directed' cholinergic transmission at central synapses

Acetylcholine (ACh) is a key neurotransmitter that plays diverse roles in many parts of the central nervous system, including the retina. However, assessing the precise spatiotemporal dynamics of ACh is technically challenging and whether ACh transmits signals via rapid, point-to-point synaptic mechanisms, or broader-scale non-synaptic mechanisms has been difficult to ascertain. Here, we examined the properties of cholinergic transmission at individual contacts made between direction-selective starburst amacrine cells and downstream ganglion cells in the retina. Using a combination of electrophysiology, serial block-face electron microscopy, and two-photon ACh imaging, we demonstrate that ACh signaling bears the hallmarks of both non-synaptic and synaptic forms of transmission. ACh co-activates nicotinic ACh receptors located on the intersecting dendrites of pairs of ganglion cells, with equal efficiency (non-synaptic)-- and yet retains the ability to generate rapid miniature currents ([~]1 ms rise times: synaptic). Fast cholinergic signals do not appear to depend on anatomically well-defined synaptic structures. We estimate that ACh spread is limited to [~]1-2 {micro}m from its sites of release, which may help starbursts drive local direction-selective cholinergic responses in ganglion cell dendrites. Together, our results establish the functional architecture for cholinergic signaling at a central synapse and propose a novel motif whereby single presynaptic sites can co-transmit information to multiple neurons on a millisecond timescale.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2018

Retinal direction selectivity in the absence of asymmetric starburst amacrine cell responses

SO_SCPLOWUMMARYC_SCPLOWIn the mammalian retina, asymmetric inhibitory signals arising from the direction-selective dendrites of GABAergic/cholinergic starburst amacrine cells are thought to be crucial for originating direction selectivity. Contrary to this notion, however, we found that direction selectivity in downstream ganglion cells remains remarkably unaffected when starburst output is rendered non-directional (using a novel strategy combining a conditional GABAA 2 receptor knockout mouse with optogenetics). We show that temporal asymmetries between excitation/inhibition, arising from the differential connectivity patterns of starburst cholinergic and GABAergic synapses to ganglion cells, form the basis for a parallel mechanism generating direction selectivity. We further demonstrate that these distinct mechanisms work in a coordinated way to refine direction selectivity as the stimulus crosses the ganglion cells receptive field. Thus, precise spatiotemporal patterns of inhibition and excitation that shape directional responses in ganglion cells are shaped by two core mechanisms, both arising from distinct specializations of the starburst network.

neuroscience↗