Schweizer, F. | bioRxiv Science

bioRxiv2020

A modular system regulates specialized metabolite pathway branch choice in the medicinal plant Catharanthus roseus

Catharanthus roseus produces a diverse range of specialized metabolites of the monoterpenoid indole alkaloid (MIA) class in a heavily branched pathway. Recent great progress in identification of MIA biosynthesis genes revealed that the different pathway branch genes are expressed in a highly cell type- and organ-specific and stress-dependent manner. This implies a complex control by specific transcription factors (TFs), only partly revealed today. We generated and mined a comprehensive compendium of publicly available C. roseus transcriptome data for MIA pathway branch-specific TFs. Functional analysis was performed through extensive comparative gene expression analysis and profiling of over 40 MIA metabolites in the C. roseus flower petal expression system. We identified additional members of the known BIS and ORCA regulators. Further detailed study of the ORCA TFs suggests subfunctionalization of ORCA paralogs in terms of target gene-specific regulation and synergistic activity with the central jasmonate response regulator MYC2. Moreover, we identified specific amino acid residues within the ORCA DNA-binding domains that contribute to the differential regulation of some MIA pathway branches. Our results advance our understanding of TF paralog specificity for which, despite the common occurrence of closely related paralogs in many species, comparative studies are scarce. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTA gene discovery program for regulators of monoterpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthesis in Catharanthus roseus advances our understanding of paralog specificity and subfunctionalization of the renowned class of ORCA transcription factors, particularly in terms of target gene-specificity and synergistic activity with other jasmonate-responsive transcription factors.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2019

Stress- and pathway-specific impacts of impaired jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile) catabolism on defense signaling and biotic stress resistance in Arabidopsis

Jasmonate (JA) synthesis and signaling are essential for plant defense upregulation upon herbivore or microbial attacks. Stress-induced accumulation of jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile), the bioactive hormonal form triggering major transcriptional changes, is often dynamic and transient, due to the existence of potent removal mechanisms. Two distinct but interconnected JA-Ile turnover pathways have been described in Arabidopsis, either via cytochrome P450 (CYP94)-mediated oxidation, or through deconjugation by the amidohydrolases (AH) IAR3 and ILL6. Their impact was not well known because of gene redundancy and compensation mechanisms when each pathway was partially impaired. Here we address the consequences of fully blocking either or both pathways on JA homeostasis and defense signaling in three mutant backgrounds: a double iar3 ill6 (2ah) mutant, a triple cyp94b1 b3 c1 mutant (3cyp), and a newly generated quintuple (5ko) mutant deficient in all known JA-Ile-degrading activities. These lines behaved very differently in response to either mechanical wounding, insect attack or fungal infection, highlighting the stress-specific contributions and impacts of JA-Ile catabolic pathways. Deconjugation and oxidative pathways contributed additively to JA-Ile removal upon wounding, but their genetic impairement had opposite impacts on Spodoptera littoralis larvae feeding: 2ah line was more resistant whereas 3cyp was more susceptible to insect attack. In contrast, 2ah, 5ko but not 3cyp overaccumulated JA-Ile upon inoculation by Botrytis cinerea, yet 3cyp was most resistant to the fungus. Despite of building-up unprecedented JA-Ile levels, 5ko displayed near WT levels of resistance in both bioassays. Molecular and metabolic analysis indicated that restrained JA-Ile catabolism resulted in enhanced defense and resistance levels only if genes encoding JAZ or JAM negative regulators were not simultaneously overstimulated. Our data demonstrate that despite of acting on a shared hormonal substrate, AH or/and CYP94 deficiency differentially impacts JA homeostasis, responses and tolerance to related biotic stresses.

plant biology↗