Schleutker, R. | bioRxiv Science

bioRxiv2023

Palmitoylation of proteolipid protein M6 promotes tricellular junction assembly in epithelia of Drosophila

Tricellular junctions (TCJs) provide essential adhesive and occluding functions at epithelial cell vertices and play key roles for tissue integrity and physiology, but how TCJs are assembled and maintained is poorly understood. In Drosophila, the transmembrane proteins Anakonda (Aka), Gliotactin (Gli), and M6 constitute tricellular occluding junctions. Aka and M6 localize in an interdependent manner to vertices and are required jointly to localize Gli, but how these proteins interact to assemble TCJs was not known. Here, we show that the tetraspan proteolipid protein M6 physically interacts with Aka and with itself. M6 is palmitoylated on a conserved juxta-membrane cysteine cluster. This modification promotes efficient vertex localization of M6 and binding to Aka, but not to itself, and becomes essential when TCJ protein levels are reduced. Abolishing M6 palmitoylation leads to delayed accumulation of M6 and Aka at vertices but does not affect the rate of TCJ growth or mobility of M6 or Aka. Our findings suggest that palmitoylation-dependent recruitment of Aka by M6 promotes initiation of TCJ assembly, while subsequent TCJ growth relies on different mechanisms independent of M6 palmitoylation.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2020

The transmembrane proteins M6 and Anakonda cooperate to initiate tricellular junction assembly in epithelia of Drosophila

Cell vertices in epithelia comprise specialized tricellular junctions (TCJs) that seal the paracellular space between three adjoining cells [1, 2]. Although TCJs play fundamental roles in tissue homeostasis, pathogen defense, and in sensing tension and cell shape [3-5], how they are assembled, maintained and remodeled is poorly understood. In Drosophila the transmembrane proteins Anakonda (Aka [6]) and Gliotactin (Gli [7]) are TCJ components essential for epithelial barrier formation. Additionally, the conserved four-transmembrane-domain protein M6, the only myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) family member in Drosophila, localizes to TCJs [8, 9]. PLPs associate with cholesterol-rich membrane domains and induce filopodia formation [10, 11] and membrane curvature [12], and Drosophila M6 acts as a tumor suppressor [8], but its role in TCJ formation remained unknown. Here we show that M6 is essential for the assembly of tricellular, but not bicellular occluding junctions, and for barrier function in embryonic epithelia. M6 and Aka localize to TCJs in a mutually dependent manner and are jointly required for TCJ localization of Gli, whereas Aka and M6 localize to TCJs independently of Gli. Aka acts instructively and is sufficient to direct M6 to cell vertices in the absence of septate junctions, while M6 is required permissively to maintain Aka at TCJs. Furthermore, M6 and Aka are mutually dependent for their accumulation in a low-mobility pool at TCJs. These findings suggest a hierarchical model for TCJ assembly, where Aka and M6 promote TCJ formation through synergistic interactions that demarcate a distinct plasma membrane microdomain at cell vertices.

cell biology↗