Reactivating a relaxation exercise during sleep to influence cortical hyperarousal in people with frequent nightmares - a randomized crossover trial
Study ObjectivesHigh-frequency EEG activity during sleep (cortical hyperarousal), is a transdiagnostic feature across psychiatric disorders, including nightmare disorder. It is discussed as a target of intervention; however, specific treatment options are yet unavailable. We tested whether exposure to relaxation-associated odor cues during sleep would reduce cortical hyperarousal, i.e. beta (16.25 - 31 Hz), gamma (31.25 - 45 Hz), spindle activity and nightmare occurrence in participants with frequent nightmares. MethodsTwenty-five (21 female, mean age (SD) = 24.94(5.01)) participants, recruited from undergraduate students at University of Luebeck, with [≥]1 nightmare / week received a deep breathing relaxation intervention for one week coupled with an odor. On two subsequent nights in the sleep laboratory, the associated odor (A), or control odor (B) were presented in randomized order in a crossover design with randomization at baseline; participants were blinded to intervention. ResultsN = 11 participants were allocated to AB and n = 14 to BA sequence. Exposure to relaxation-associated odor cues during sleep did not affect beta or gamma activity while spindle count and density were significantly reduced. Reduction in spindle count during reactivation nights correlated with reduced subjective wake-after-sleep-onset. There was no additional impact on nightmare symptoms. There were no adverse events or side effects. ConclusionsThe reactivation of relaxation-associated states with odor cues during sleep may be associated with changes in spectral activity, specifically spindle activity. Future studies should implement multiple nights of reactivation and include different patient groups with cortical hyperarousal to test the transdiagnostic potential of this new intervention.