Evaluation of the safety and insecticidal efficacy of ivermectin-treated bird feed formulations in different avian species
BackgroundWest Nile virus (WNV) is maintained in an enzootic cycle between reservoir host birds and Culex (Cx.) spp. mosquitoes. This relationship presents a potential target for vector control strategies. Ivermectin (IVM), an endectocidal drug that selectively affects invertebrates while remaining safe at high concentrations in mammals and birds, can be delivered to Cx. tarsalis via blood meals from birds fed IVM-treated bird feed. In this study we evaluated the safety, efficacy, and utility of IVM-treated bird feed as a novel vector control strategy by assessing its impact on multiple bird species and mosquitoes. MethodsMosquitoes were collected during peak WNV transmission season in Northern Colorado and DNA extracted from blood meals to determine host species. Chickens, pigeons, zebra finches, and house sparrows were fed different formulations of IVM-treated bird feed and observed for clinical signs, and their sera were fed to Cx. tarsalis mosquitoes to evaluate mosquitocidal efficacy. Feeding rates and IVM serum concentrations in birds were analyzed by unpaired t-test and one-way ANOVA, and mosquito survivorship was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier curves and compared using paired log-rank tests. IVM serum concentration and mosquito survivorship were compared using Spearman correlation. ResultsSpeciation analyses conducted on blood meals from Cx. tarsalis collected during peak WNV transmission season in Northern Colorado determined that they feed primarily on songbird species that commonly visit bird feeders, with house sparrows representing the most frequent blood meal host. In laboratory experiments using multiple formulations and doses of IVM, chickens, pigeons, zebra finches, and house sparrows ate comparable amounts of IVM-treated bird feed compared to untreated feed, had similar weight gain, and exhibited no clinical signs of toxicity. Both colony-reared and locally captured Cx. tarsalis showed significant mortality after feeding on sera from IVM-treated birds compared to controls. ConclusionsThese results suggest that targeting songbirds with IVM-treated bird feed should be safe for wildlife and may elicit high rates of IVM-induced mortality by reaching a large proportion of WNV vector mosquitoes via their proclivity for feeding on passerine birds.