Structure-function relationship of alpha-synuclein fibrillar polymorphs derived from distinct synucleinopathies
The aggregation of the protein alpha-synuclein (Syn) is a common feature of multiple neurodegenerative diseases collectively called synucleinopathies, for which the pathobiology is not well understood. The different phenotypic characteristics of the synucleinopathies Parkinsons disease (PD), Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) and Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) have been proposed to originate from the distinct structures adopted by Syn in its amyloid forms. Here, using covalent labeling and limited proteolysis coupled to mass spectrometry (LiP-MS) in vitro and in situ within neuronal cells and directly in native patient brain homogenates, we show that pathogenic Syn from distinct synucleinopathies (PD, DLB and MSA) are structurally different. Further, we found that fibrillar structural differences are associated with different fibril interactomes and neuronal responses. We discovered disease-specific ubiquitination patterns and turnover profiles for pathogenic Syn species, detected molecular pathways responding specifically to the uptake of different Syn fibrillar polymorphs, and identified a subset of the involved proteins as candidate direct interactors of Syn. In particular, components of the Ubiquitin-proteasomal System (UPS), including E3 ubiquitin ligases, chaperones, and Deubiquitinating proteins, showed disease/polymorph-specific interaction patterns, possibly accounting for different resistance of patient-derived Syn fibrils to degradation. Genetic modulation with CRISPR-based tools showed that members of the UPS degradation pathway (three E3 ligases: UBE3A, TRIM25, HUWE1 and the AAA+ ATPase VCP) reduced Syn inclusions, in a strain-specific manner. LiP-MS also identified sets of proteins with altered protease susceptibility in postmortem brain homogenates of PD, DLB, and MSA patients. These sets were largely disease-specific and included proteins altered in cells treated with fibrils derived from patients with the matching disease. Our findings provide insight into cellular processes involved in the accumulation and turnover of Syn pathogenic aggregates in PD, DLB and MSA in a disease specific manner and constitutes a resource of potential novel drug targets in these synucleinopathies.