Biology subjects

Sato, T.

Publications and source records attributed to Sato, T..

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

The Nkx2.3-Nr5a1 gene cascade plays a crucial role in spleen-specific vascular architecture and marginal zone formation

NR5A1 is a nuclear receptor and master regulator of steroidogenic tissue development and steroid hormone biosynthesis in the adrenal glands and gonads. Although NR5A1 is expressed in splenic vascular endothelial cells, its function in the adult spleen remains unclear. Using single-cell transcriptomics in mice, we show that NR5A1-positive endothelial cells are heterogeneous and exhibit distinct phenotypes according to their localization in the splenic sinus or marginal sinus. To assess NR5A1 function, we generated a spleen-specific Nr5a1 enhancer deletion model. Enhancer loss resulted in reduced spleen size and ablation of the marginal zone and marginal sinus. In addition, 21-hydroxylase activity in splenic sinusoidal endothelial cells was reduced, particularly in females, leading to decreased levels of adrenocortical steroids in the spleen. Enhancer deletion also induced ectopic lymphatic-like and high endothelial venule-like vasculature similar to those observed in Nkx2.3-deficient mice. Consistently, mutation of the NKX2.3-binding motif within the enhancer abolished NR5A1 expression. Together, these findings identify an Nkx2.3[->]Nr5a1 regulatory axis essential for spleen-specific endothelial cell differentiation and splenic architecture required for blood filtration and marginal zone formation.

developmental biology↗

bioRxiv2026

The REFLEX system enables in vivo identification of perivascular angiogenic macrophages in the heart

Direct identification of physically interacting cells in vivo remains challenging because conventional interactome analyses infer signaling partners from transcriptomes and cannot reveal which cells are in direct contact. In pressure-overload induced cardiac remodeling, VEGF-A plays a central role in the maintenance of vascular integrity and cardiac function. However, the cell type which produces VEGF-A and how the VEGF-A peptide is delivered to vascular endothelial cells remains unclear. Here, we developed a genetically encoded platform that combines REFLEX mice with HUNTERuni-seq, enabling unbiased detection and transcriptional profiling of the cells that physically interact with vascular endothelial cells. The REFLEX and HUNTERuni-seq approach identified subpopulations of Vegfa positive macrophages which we named perivascular angiogenic macrophages (PVAMs). Although the amount of VEGF-A in PVAMs is small, loss of VEGF-A in PVAMs impaired angiogenesis and systolic function during pressure overload. We additionally show that direct contact between PVAMs and endothelial cells is critical for the delivery of VEGF-A to endothelial cells. Conventional interactome analysis predicted that cardiomyocytes as dominant sources of VEGF-A in the heart. However, cardiomyocyte Vegfa deletion had no effect on capillary density nor systolic function in a model of heart failure. These results suggest that VEGF-A signaling does not rely on free diffusion through the interstitium and that cellular proximity and physical contact between PVAMs and endothelial cells are the key determinants of effective signal delivery. Together, these findings establish REFLEX and HUNTERuni-seq as a versatile platform for uncovering biologically critical cell-to-cell interactions and provide new insight into intercellular communication in pathological tissue contexts.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2026

Expanding and Decoding the Chemistry of Phospholipid Headgroup in Eukaryotes

Cellular membranes have diverse phospholipids, chemical differences in whose headgroups impact many biological processes. Phosphatidylcholine is an essential phospholipid for human health, but not universally required for life. The evolutionary mechanisms underlying phospholipid preferences remain poorly understood, due to the difficulty of investigating metabolite structure-activity relationships in a cellular context. Here, we developed a generalizable metabolic-rewiring method to manipulate phospholipid headgroups together and their biological effects. This approach utilizes synthetic media to hijack evolutionarily conserved phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis, leveraging xenobiotics as principal precursors for scalable headgroup transformations. By identifying over 100 artificial headgroups, we expanded the chemical diversity of xenobiotic phospholipids. Unexpectedly, we discovered that subtle headgroup alterations produced distinct mammalian cellular activities. We demonstrated that chemical headgroup modifications differentially elicited structure-dependent effects on phospholipid-protein interactions, calcium dynamics, transcriptomic profiles, and stem cell differentiation. Notably, cross-species comparison revealed that human and yeast cells have different headgroup preferences critical for cell life and death. As proof-of-concept, interactome analysis identified headgroup-sensitive human microproteins vital for mitochondrial respiration, but non-conserved in yeast. These results exemplify the evolutionary diversity of key phospholipid-protein interactions, illustrating why humans depend on phosphatidylcholine. Overall, our findings establish a programmable platform for elucidating and engineering phospholipid-driven cellular functions.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2025

Combinational adjuvants delivered by ink-jet potentiate naked mRNA vaccines for robust protection against infectious diseases

The use of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to enhance delivery and immunogenicity of mRNA vaccines raises safety concerns due to strong reactogenicity. Developing naked mRNA vaccines, which can be delivered through liquid jet-injection to the skin, may offer a safer alternative, but their immunogenicity has been limited. To address this challenge, we screened clinically relevant adjuvants to enhance the potency of naked mRNA jet-injection vaccines in mouse models. Although many adjuvants showed little or inhibitory effects on inducing humoral or cellular immunity--despite their known ability to potentiate conventional non-mRNA vaccine platforms--we identified a combination of aluminum phosphate and CpG oligonucleotide that substantially enhanced both humoral and cellular immune responses with increased IgG2a/IgG1 ratio. This adjuvanted naked mRNA vaccine induced IgG2a and cellular immunity at levels comparable to those achieved with LNPs but with lower local and systemic reactogenicity. Mechanistic investigations revealed a key role for type I interferon signaling during immunization. Notably, this vaccine formulation in mice virtually eliminated infection by both SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus (A/California/7/2009 H1N1) in plaque-forming assays. Collectively, the adjuvanted naked mRNA jet-injection vaccine represents a novel, effective, and safe platform against infectious diseases, with potential for clinic-ready translational applications.

bioengineering↗

bioRxiv2025

Early occurrence of Teratoramularia rumicicola in Japan: re-identification of historic strain GR1 and its pathogenic effects on Rumex species

Teratoramularia rumicicola is a plant pathogenic fungus infecting Rumex species. Although it was described as a new species in 2016, its fundamental characteristics, including historical occurrence, geographic distribution, and host range, remain poorly resolved. In this study, we re-identified strain GR1, which was originally isolated from a diseased Rumex plant in the Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands in 1996 and deposited in a public bioresource center, together with the plant voucher specimen, and evaluated its host range. Colony and conidial morphology and a phylogenetic analysis based on concatenated internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) rDNA sequences identified GR1 as T. rumicicola. Morphological examination of the host plant voucher specimen confirmed Rumex japonicus as the natural host. Pathogenicity assays demonstrated that GR1 infected R. japonicus, reproduced the original disease symptoms, and was successfully re-isolated from diseased tissues, consistent with Kochs postulates. In addition, GR1 caused significant disease and shoot biomass reduction in R. japonicus, R. crispus and R. obtusifolius. The identification of GR1 reveals the presence of T. rumicicola in Japan approximately two decades prior to its formal description, representing the earliest known record of this species. Furthermore, this finding extends its known distribution from temperate regions to the subtropical Bonin Islands, a well-preserved and isolated ecosystem. This study documents for the first time R. japonicus as a natural host of T. rumicicola.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2025

Loss of STARD7 Impairs Mitochondrial Phospholipid Homeostasis and Contributes to Mitochondrial Myopathy

Mitochondria are composed of phospholipid bilayers rich in phosphatidylcholine (PC). StAR-related lipid transfer domain-containing protein 7 (STARD7) functions as a lipid transfer protein that plays a crucial role in maintaining mitochondrial PC homeostasis. In this study, we investigated the physiological role of STARD7 in skeletal muscle using muscle-specific knockout (mKO) mice. STARD7 expression was markedly higher in the soleus, a mitochondria-dense slow-twitch muscle, compared with fast-twitch fibers. Although muscle fibers from mKO mice exhibited no apparent structural abnormalities, their endurance exercise capacity was markedly reduced. RNA-seq analysis revealed suppressed expression of fast-twitch-related genes accompanied by a reduction in fast-twitch fibers. At the mitochondrial level, respiratory chain complexes remained intact, but oxygen consumption was consistently decreased. Targeted lipidomic analysis showed decreased levels of PC, cardiolipin (CL), and coenzyme Q in mKO mitochondria, particularly in the soleus. Conversely, expression of CL biosynthetic enzymes was unchanged, and an in vitro binding assay indicated that STARD7 preferentially transfers linoleic acid-containing PC required for CL remodeling. Furthermore, electron microscopy revealed disorganized cristae structures, whereas 4-HNE-modified proteins, mtDNA content, and OPA1 processing remained unaffected. Together, these findings demonstrate that STARD7 plays an essential role for maintaining mitochondrial integrity and function in skeletal muscle, and its loss likely contributes to the pathogenesis of mitochondrial myopathy.

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2025

Prenatal valproic acid-exposed autism marmosets increase mutual gaze and reduce inter-individual distance during dyadic social interactions

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with differences in social interaction, including alterations in gaze behavior and interpersonal distance. Although most assessments of ASD remain individual-centric, emerging human studies indicate that social difficulties may arise from atypical dyadic coordination rather than from reduced social interest alone. We examined dyadic coordination in a non-human primate model of ASD, focusing on gaze and inter-individual distance during minimally constrained first encounters between prenatal valproic acid-exposed marmosets (VPA) and unexposed conspecifics (UE). Markerless pose estimation quantified frame-by-frame gaze direction and spacing, comparing VPA-UE with UE-UE dyads. VPA-UE pairs exhibited a higher proportion of mutual-gaze events than UE-UE pairs. VPA individuals showed more rapid looks in response to the partners gaze, yet spent less time looking at the partner when unobserved. VPA-UE dyads maintained shorter inter-individual distances than UE-UE dyads, and closer spacing was associated with decreased stability of mutual gaze. These findings reveal a dyadic coordination pattern in VPA-UE pairs, with rapid responsiveness coupled with distance-dependent fragility, paralleling features reported in human ASD. Our dyad-centric, markerless framework yields ecologically grounded readouts and potential intervention targets that leverage intact social responsiveness while accommodating altered spatial coordination.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2025

Genome-wide CRISPR interference screen identifies Clip2 as a novel regulator of osteocyte maturation and morphology

Osteocytes play critical roles in bone, making them attractive targets for therapeutics to improve bone mass and strength. The genes driving osteocyte maturation and function are not fully understood. Here we aimed to identify novel genes responsible for osteocyte differentiation and dendrite development by performing a genome-wide CRISPR-interference (CRISPRi) screen in the Ocy454 osteocyte-like cell line. We identify CD61 (integrin {beta}3) as a marker of osteocyte maturation: surface CD61 expression increases during osteocyte maturation, and CD61high cells express higher levels of osteocyte marker genes. We then developed a flow cytometry-based assay to quantify surface CD61 protein levels as a phenotypic endpoint for functional genomic screening. In a genome-wide screen, we identified Clip2, which encodes a microtubule binding protein, as one of dozens of genes necessary for CD61 expression. Clip2 inhibition decreased surface CD61 expression, reduced expression of osteocyte-specific genes Dmp1 and Sost, and impaired dendrite morphology in vitro. Together, these results highlight the utility of surface CD61 as a marker of osteocyte maturity and identify a role of the microtubule cytoskeleton for osteocyte differentiation, form, and function.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2025

Microglia-dependent LPS preconditioning prevents neuroinflammation-induced behavioral deficits in male mice

Neuroinflammation contributes to psychiatric disorders, but preventive strategies targeting brain immune cells remain unexplored. Here we demonstrate that low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preconditioning prevents systemic inflammation-induced behavioral abnormalities through microglia-dependent mechanisms in male mice. Mice received preconditioning with 0.2 mg/kg LPS or saline for two consecutive days, followed by high-dose LPS challenge (5 mg/kg) or saline seven days later. Behavioral assessment revealed that preconditioning specifically prevented social preference deficits induced by systemic inflammation (preference score: -0.49{+/-}0.19 vs 0.14{+/-}0.10, p<0.01), while showing limited effects on locomotor activity and depression-like behaviors. Additionally, LPS preconditioning prevented anxiety-like behavior in a chronic corticosterone model and attenuated hippocampal inflammatory gene expression. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that preconditioning suppressed microglial activation in hippocampal CA1 region, particularly reducing PBR/IBA1 ratio (37.5{+/-}2.4% vs 27.6{+/-}2.8%, p<0.01), with less pronounced effects in CA3. Critically, pharmacological microglial depletion using PLX3397 during the preconditioning period completely abolished these protective effects, establishing the causal role of microglia. Flow cytometric analysis revealed preconditioning-induced shifts in brain macrophage subpopulations defined by TMEM119 and CD45 expression patterns. Transcriptomic profiling identified subpopulation-specific responses, with one subset showing LPS-response pathway enrichment despite minimal gene expression changes, while another displayed extensive but functionally non-specific transcriptional alterations. These findings establish microglial preconditioning as a novel preventive strategy for neuroinflammation-induced social behavioral deficits and suggest potential therapeutic applications for psychiatric disorders involving neuroinflammatory components.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2025

Cellular energy sensor SnRK1 suppresses salicylic acid-dependent and -independent defenses and bacterial resistance in Arabidopsis

In nature, plants cope with various pathogens that compete for cellular resources during infection. It has long been suggested that plant defense activity must be linked to cellular energy and metabolic states to optimize the balance between growth and defense. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate immune activity in relation to cellular energy status remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the plant energy sensor SNF1-RELATED KINASE 1 (SnRK1) plays a critical role in modulating defense responses and bacterial resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Bacterial elicitor-induced expression of defense marker genes, such as PATHOGENESIS-RELATED 1 (PR1), is significantly repressed under sugar-limited conditions in wild-type seedlings, whereas this expression is markedly enhanced in the snrk1 knockdown mutants. SnRK1 restricts defense-related gene expression and resistance to the biotrophic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringe pv. tomato DC3000, which are partly dependent on salicylic acid (SA). In addition, we found that the SnRK1 kinase activity is increased by high humidity. Consistently, SnRK1 is critical for the suppression of SA-mediated defense responses under high humidity conditions. SnRK1 physically associates with the SA-related transcription factors TGACG SEQUENCE-SPECIFIC BINDING PROTEIN 4 (TGA4) and TGA2 to attenuate PR1 expression. These findings provide valuable insight into the molecular mechanisms linking cellular energy status with immune regulation in plants.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2025

Bioherbicidal activity and host range of Teratoramularia rumicicola strain TR4 isolated from Rumex crispus in Japan

Rumex species, including R. crispus, R. obtusifolius, and R. japonicus, are problematic weeds that reduce forage production and hinder effective land use in Japanese pasture systems. This study aimed to identify a bioherbicide candidate that selectively targets Rumex weeds while remaining safe for forage crops. To this end, we isolated a fungal pathogen from a naturally infected R. crispus leaf collected in Japan and conducted morphological and molecular identification and host range evaluations. The isolate, designated TR4, was identified as Teratoramularia rumicicola based on its morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of concatenated internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) rDNA sequences. Host range studies revealed that TR4 caused visible symptoms and significantly reduced shoot biomass in all three Rumex species, while no disease symptoms were observed in any of the five forage crops tested. This study reports T. rumicicola for the first time in Japan, extending its known distribution beyond South Korea. The host specificity and liquid culture compatibility of TR4 suggest its potential as a locally adapted microbial herbicide for selective Rumex control in pasture systems.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2025

Therapeutic Knock-in Genome Editing Using Single AAV Vectors in Mouse Models of Inherited Liver Disease

Gene knock-in therapy has the potential to cure inherited liver diseases but is limited by low efficiency and delivery complexity. Here, we developed a single adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector system comprising a compact CRISPR effector, enAsCas12f, a guide RNA, and a donor template to enable therapeutic genome editing via non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). We targeted the system to the murine Alb locus and applied it to mouse models of hemophilia B, protein C (PC) deficiency, and ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency. NHEJ-mediated knock-in showed higher efficiency than homology-directed repair, with successful therapeutic gene insertion in both neonatal and adult mice. The strategy restored plasma factor IX activity in hemophilia B (F9-/-) mice, prolonged survival of PC-deficient (Proc-/-) mice, and prevented hyperammonemia and weight loss in OTC-deficient (Otcspf-ash) mice upon high protein challenge. Importantly, gene integration was restricted to the liver, with no evidence of germline transmission. This compact, all-in-one AAV knock-in platform simplifies vector production, enables efficient delivery, and achieves reliable transgene expression in vivo. Our findings highlight the potential of liver-targeted knock-in genome editing as a transplant-independent treatment for neonatal-onset metabolic diseases, offering a clinically feasible path towards curative gene therapies for a wide range of monogenic liver disorders.

bioengineering↗

bioRxiv2025

Effects of Cannabidiol to circadian period, sleep, life span, close-proximity rhythm, egg reproduction and motor function in Drosophila melanogaster

Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive cannabinoid, has been studied for its various health-promoting effects recently. This study investigates the effects of dietary CBD to the circadian clock of Drosophila melanogaster as a model animal and its many physiological effect to flies. We showed that CBD extended the period of locomotor activity in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting its influence on the circadian clock. Additionally, CBD improved sleep quality and extended lifespan under starvation conditions. The study also revealed enhanced rhythmicity in Close Proximity (CP) rhythm and increased eggs reproduction with dietary CBD supplementation. Furthermor, CBD attenuates age-related motor dysfunction in wild-type and Parkinsons disease (PD) model in Drosophila. These findings strongly suggest that appropriate amount of CBD affects the circadian rhythms, sleep, life span, CP rhythm, egg reproduction and motor function of Drosophila melanogaster, and providing a basic data for exploring its potential applications in managing circadian-related disorders in other animals.

physiology↗

bioRxiv2025

Identification of an early-heading mutant in Indonesian native rice cultivar: 'Gemdjah Beton'

Rice is one of the worlds most widely cultivated field crops and a short-day adapted plant. It possesses a complex genetic regulatory mechanism for heading date determination. Gemdjah Beton (GB) is an Indonesian rice cultivar that takes approximately 17 weeks to flower after being transplanted into a rice field in Japan. We isolated early-heading mutant line GB-10 (flowers around two to three weeks early in the field). Under long-day (LD) conditions, GB-10 flowered approximately two weeks earlier than GB. Under short-day conditions, the heading date between GB-10 and GB plants shows no apparent difference. In agreement with the heading date, Hd3a and RFT1 expressions show around a 10-time relative transcript quantity difference under LD conditions in GB-10 compared to GB. Interestingly, Ghd7 expression was significantly reduced in GB-10, which may trigger the Hd3a and RFT1 activation. A bulk segregation analysis indicated that a single nucleotide variant on chromosome 7 was genetically linked to the early heading phenotype of GB-10 lines. Taken together, we reported the successful isolation of GB-10 as an early-heading mutant.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2025

Intermingled representation of oral cavity in mouse trigeminal ganglion

Somatotopy serves as a fundamental principle underlying sensory information processing, traditionally emphasized in the study of the cerebral cortex. However, little effort has been directed towards unraveling the spatial organization characterizing the earlier stages of sensory pathways. In this study, we developed a novel methodology to visualize individual neurons within the trigeminal ganglion--a crucial cluster of cell bodies of sensory neurons innervating the face. Our investigations revealed a reliable sensory response to stimulation of the lower teeth or lip within this ganglion. The responsive neurons were confined to a specific portion of the trigeminal ganglion, consistent with innervation of the lower oral cavity by the mandibular nerve. Contrary to our expectations, we did not observe a discernible map delineating specific regions of the oral cavity. Instead, the spatial representation of the teeth and lips exhibited unexpected intermingling. These findings challenge conventional understandings rooted in cortical maps and suggest that such conceptual frameworks may not be applicable to earlier stages of sensory pathways for the oral cavity. Our study sheds light on the complex spatial organization of sensory processing in the trigeminal system, highlighting the need for further research to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and implications for sensory perception and clinical interventions. Impact statementIn vivo calcium imaging revealed that neurons responding to tooth stimulation are sparsely distributed in the trigeminal ganglion, intermixed with neurons responding to lip stimulation.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2025

Developmentally-specific physiological and metabolic responses support drought resilience in switchgrass and constrains biofuel yield

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) is a promising bioenergy crop due in part to its resilience to drought stress. However, the significance of drought timing remains poorly understood, both from a plant biology perspective and its impact on downstream biofuel production. This study determines the developmental stage-specific physiological and metabolic responses of switchgrass to drought stress and its implications for biofuel production using a custom-built programmable irrigation system. Vegetative, flowering, and senescence-stage drought significantly reduced CO2 assimilation, and stomatal conductance without affecting biomass yield. Metabolic profiling revealed significant accumulation of glucose, fructose, quinic acid, shikimate and GABA during vegetative-stage drought, while flowering and senescence stages exhibited limited metabolic changes. Similarly, specialized metabolites also displayed distinct developmental patterns, with vegetative-stage drought driving the most pronounced metabolic alterations. Thermochemically-treated and hydrolyzed switchgrass biomass from vegetative-stage drought showed elevated lignocellulose-derived compounds and saponins with the latter most positively correlating with fermentation lag times. Conversely, senescence-stage drought enhanced ethanol yields while lowering saponin levels in the hydrolysates. While vegetative-stage drought enhanced physiological resilience, it compromises downstream biofuel production by introducing fermentation inhibitors, particularly saponins.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2025

Reconstitution of adrenocortical functional zonation from human pluripotent stem cells

The adrenal cortex produces essential steroid hormones through a concentric zonal architecture, established by the centripetal trans-differentiation of subcapsular progenitors within a capsule-derived niche. To capture this complexity, we establish a human pluripotent stem cell-derived adrenal organoid system that faithfully recapitulates this process. RSPO3/WNT signaling from the capsule specifies definitive zone (DZ) progenitors from the adrenal primordium, which then differentiate into a cortisol-producing transitional zone and an androgen-producing fetal zone under the influence of RSPO3 and ACTH. Loss of NR0B1 impairs DZ specification and triggers direct adrenal primordium-to-fetal zone conversion, mirroring the mechanism of X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita. When DZ cells are encapsulated with capsule cells separately derived from pluripotent stem cells, they reconstitute zonation in vivo, forming ACTH-responsive tissue that produces both cortisol and androgens. This organoid platform offers a powerful tool to dissect human adrenal development and establishes a foundation for regenerative therapies targeting adrenal diseases.

developmental biology↗

bioRxiv2025

Housing environment bilaterally alters transcriptomic profile in the rat hippocampal CA1 region

Brain asymmetry is a fundamental feature of neural organization. However, the molecular basis of hippocampal lateralization in response to environmental stimuli remains poorly understood. Here, we examined the transcriptomic profiles of the left and right hippocampal CA1 regions in rats reared under isolated or enriched housing conditions to elucidate hemisphere-specific responses and shared molecular adaptations. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed lateralized differences in the number and identity of differentially expressed genes, accompanied by distinct biological themes, as indicated by overrepresentation and gene set enrichment analysis. The left CA1 region was prominently engaged in pathways related to synaptic organization and mitochondrial function, whereas the right CA1 region exhibited enrichment in transcriptional regulation and RNA metabolic processes. Despite these asymmetries, co-expression and protein-protein interaction network analyses revealed shared molecular architectures. Immediate early genes formed consistent central hubs across both hemispheres, and a common Mecp2-Grin2b-Cdkl5-Tet3 protein interaction cluster was identified as a potential integrative regulatory module. Additional enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes shared between hemispheres further highlighted conserved responses, particularly in synaptic plasticity and cell-cell communication. Together, these findings demonstrate that the left and right CA1 regions employ distinct yet partially convergent transcriptional programs to adapt to environmental stimuli. This coordinated molecular asymmetry provides novel insights into hippocampal lateralization and its role in experience-dependent brain plasticity.

neuroscience↗