Mutations and structural variants arising during double-strand break repair
Double-strand break (DSB) repair is highly mutagenic compared to normal replication. In budding yeast, repair of an HO endonuclease-induced DSB at MAT can be repaired by using a transcriptionally silent HMR::Kl-URA3 donor. During repair, -1 deletions in homonucleotide runs are strongly favored over +1 insertions, whereas during replication, spontaneous +1 and -1 events are equal. Microhomology-bounded, repair-associated intragenic deletions (IDs) are recovered 12 times more frequently than tandem duplications (TDs). IDs have a mean length of 56 bp, while TDs average 22 bp. These data suggest a picture of the structure of the repair replication fork: IDs and TDs occur within the open structure of a migrating D-loop, where the 3 end of a partly copied new DNA strand can dissociate and anneal with a single-stranded region of microhomology that lies either [~]80 bp ahead or [~]40 bp behind the 3 end. Another major class of repair-associated mutations ([~]10%) are interchromosomal template switches (ICTS), even though the K. lactis URA3 sequence in HMR is only 72% identical (homeologous) with S. cerevisiae ura3-52. ICTS events begin and end at regions of short ([~]7 bp) microhomology; however, ICTS events are constrained to the middle of the copied sequence. Whereas microhomology usage in intragenic deletions is not influenced by adjacent homeology, we show that extensive pairing of adjacent homeology plays a critical role in ICTS. Thus, although by convention, structural variants are characterized by the precise base pairs at their junction, microhomology-mediated template switching actually requires alignment of extensive adjacent homeology. Significance statementDNA synthesis during repair of a double-strand chromosome break by homologous recombination exhibits a high rate of mutation compared to normal replication. Using a genetic system in budding yeast, we isolated thousands of mutations occurring during repair. We conclude that the repair replication fork appears to have the two DNA strands open [~]80 bp ahead of the DNA polymerase, but the strands re-anneal rapidly behind the polymerase. Additionally, we analyzed interchromosomal template switching, in which the partially copied DNA strand dissociates and pairs with a new template at a short stretch of perfectly matching bases (microhomology), and resumes copying. We show that these apparent microhomology-mediated template switching events in fact require the pairing of [~]200 bp of imperfectly matching bases (homeology).