MKK6 deficiency promotes cardiac dysfunction through MKK3-p38γ/δ-mTOR hyperactivation
Stress-activated p38 kinases control a plethora of functions and their dysregulation has been linked to development of steatosis, obesity, immune disorders and cancer. Therefore, they have been identified as potential targets for novel therapeutic strategies. There are four p38 family members (p38, p38{beta}, p38{gamma}, and p38{delta}) that are activated by MKK3 and MKK6. Here we demonstrate that lack of MKK6 reduces the life span in mice. Longitudinal study of cardiac function in Mkk6-/- mice showed that young mice have cardiac hypertrophy which progresses to cardiac dilatation and fibrosis with age. Mechanistically, lack of MKK6 blunts p38 activation while causing MKK3-p38{gamma}/{delta} hyperphosphorylation and increased mTOR signaling, resulting in cardiac hypertrophy. Cardiac hypertrophy in Mkk6-/- mice is reverted by knocking out either p38{gamma} or p38{delta}, or by inhibiting mTOR pathway with rapamycin. In conclusion, we have identified a key role for the MKK3/6-p38{gamma}/{delta} pathway in the development of cardiac hypertrophy, which has important implications for the clinical use of p38 inhibitors in the long-term treatment since they might result in cardiotoxicity. eLifes Review ProcesseLife works to improve the process of peer review so that it more effectively conveys the assessment of expert reviewers to authors, readers and other interested parties. In the future we envision a system in which research is first published as a preprint and the outputs of peer review are the primary way research is assessed, rather than journal title. Our editorial process produces two outputs: i) an assessment by peers designed to be posted alongside a preprint for the benefit of the readers; ii) detailed feedback on the manuscript for the authors, including requests for revisions and suggestions for improvement. Therefore we want to change how we construct and write peer reviews to make them useful to both authors and readers in a way that better reflects the work you put into reading and thinking about a paper. eLife reviews now have three parts: O_LIAn evaluation summary (in two or three sentences) that captures the major conclusions of the review in a concise manner, accessible to a wide audience. C_LIO_LIA public review that details the strengths and weaknesses of the manuscript before you, and discusses whether the authors claims and conclusions are justified by their data. C_LIO_LIA set of private recommendations for the authors that outline how you think the science and its presentation could be strengthened. C_LI All three sections will be used as the basis for an eLife publishing decision, which will, as always, be made after a consultation among the reviewers and editor. Each of the public reviews will be published (anonymously) alongside the preprint, together with a response from the authors if they choose. In the case of papers we reject after review, the authors can choose to delay posting until their paper has been published elsewhere. If this is your first time going through this new process, we ask that you take some time to read our Reviewer Guide, which discusses how we see each section will be used, what it should contain, and what we hope it accomplishes. And we remind you that, with the shift of reviews from private correspondence to public discourse, it is more important than ever that reviews are written in a clear and constructive manner appropriate for a public audience and mindful of the impact language choices might have on the authors.