Santos, K. B. | bioRxiv Science

bioRxiv2025

Thermogenic adipocytes alleviate hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance via macrophage cytokine secretion in obese mice

The Nrip1 gene encodes the protein Rip140, which suppresses nuclear receptors that regulate energy metabolism. Here we show adipocyte-selective deficiency of Nrip1 (AdNrip1KO) in mice causes a striking expansion of alternatively activated, M2-like macrophages within subcutaneous inguinal adipose tissue (iWAT) in addition to the appearance of thermogenic adipocytes expressing uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). AdNrip1KO mice are less cold sensitive but showed no differences in whole body energy expenditure or food intake compared to control mice at 22 {degrees}C. Strikingly, AdNrip1KO mice on HFD display markedly attenuated hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance compared to control mice on HFD. Secreted factors that might mediate this crosstalk from adipose tissue to liver were searched for by iWAT RNAseq. Unexpectedly, upregulation of genes associated with cytokines and cytokine receptor signaling were the most highly correlated with adipocyte-selective Nrip1 loss in obese mice. Furthermore, the top upregulated genes that encode secreted proteins in AdNrip1KO iWAT are most highly expressed in macrophages, not adipocytes. This list included the IL-1b antagonist IL-1rn, known to attenuate hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. Indeed, the IL-1rn protein in AdNrip1KO mice was found to circulate at levels we previously reported strongly attenuates hepatic steatosis and glucose tolerance in obese mice. Taken together, these results suggest a paradigm for metabolic crosstalk from thermogenic adipose tissue to liver that is mediated by IL-1rn and potentially other factors secreted from M2-like macrophages within beige adipose tissues. Graphic Abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=123 SRC="FIGDIR/small/667482v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (31K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15fb086org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@13e6689org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1bde77borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a83f2e_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIAdipocyte Nrip1 deficiency (AdNrip1KO) strongly promotes adipose browning C_LIO_LIMouse AdNrip1KO polarizes adipose tissue macrophages towards M2-like C_LIO_LIAdNrip1KO reduces the hepatic fat and insulin resistance of obese mice C_LIO_LIAdNrip1KO adipose tissue macrophages secrete IL-1rn, known to mitigate hepatic fat and insulin resistance C_LI

physiology↗

bioRxiv2025

The autophagy receptor Ncoa4 controls PPARγ activity and thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue

Adipose tissue dysfunction leads to a variety of deleterious systemic consequences including ectopic lipid deposition and impaired insulin sensitivity. PPAR{gamma} is a major regulator of adipocyte differentiation and functionality and is thus a determinant of systemic metabolic health. We recently reported that deletion of adipocyte fatty acid synthase (AdFasnKO) impairs autophagy in association with a striking upregulation of genes controlled by PPAR{gamma}, including thermogenic uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1). In this present study, screening for PPAR{gamma} coactivators regulated by autophagy revealed a protein denoted as Nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (Ncoa4), known to mediate ferritinophagy and interact with PPAR{gamma} and other nuclear receptors. Indeed, we found Ncoa4 is upregulated in the early phase of adipocyte differentiation and is required for adipogenesis. Ncoa4 is also elevated in FasnKO adipocytes and necessary for full upregulation of Ucp1 expression in vitro, even in response to norepinephrine. Consistent with these findings, adipose-selective knockout of Ncoa4 (AdNcoa4KO mice) impairs Ucp1 expression in brown adipose tissue and cold-induced thermogenesis. Adipose-selective double KO of Fasn plus Ncoa4 (AdFasnNcoa4DKO mice) prevents the upregulation of classic PPAR{gamma} target genes normally observed in the white adipose tissue of AdFasnKO mice, but not thermogenic Ucp1 expression. These findings reveal Ncoa4 is a novel determinant of adipocyte PPAR{gamma} activity and regulator of white and brown adipocyte biology and suggest that manipulation of autophagy flux modulates PPAR{gamma} activity and key adipocyte functions via Ncoa4 actions.

molecular biology↗