Repetitive sequence material shapes the earliest stages of de novo gene evolution in insects
A fundamental unresolved question in molecular evolution is how novel genes arise from noncoding DNA and become fixed within stable gene repertoires. Here, we performed comparative genomic analyses across evolutionary timescales in insects using chromosome-scale genome assemblies of two cricket species, Teleogryllus occipitalis and Tarbinskiellus portentosus. Using conservative criteria, we identified 41 de novo gene candidates derived from intergenic regions in the Te. occipitalis lineage. These genes are simple and compact, exhibit hallmarks of evolutionarily young genes, and frequently contain fragments of transposable elements and simple sequence repeats. Across insects, such repetitive sequence fragments show positional homology but lack sequence conservation in older genes, suggesting that they serve as sequence material for gene emergence during early stages of gene evolution. In contrast, insertions after gene establishment are strongly constrained. We propose a model in which stages of gene evolution are characterized by shifts in selective pressure on the incorporation of sequence material.