Biology subjects

Salzburger, W.

Publications and source records attributed to Salzburger, W..

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

Heterogeneous evolution of effective recombination landscapes across percomorph fishes

Recombination shapes allelic combinations across the genome and plays a central role in adaptation and speciation. While recombination rates are known to vary and evolve, how recombination landscapes diverge between populations and which processes drive this divergence remains poorly understood. Here, we use the Population Recombination Divergence Index (PRDI) to quantify divergence in effective recombination landscapes between seven pairs of populations and species from four percomorph fish lineages (cichlids, sticklebacks, killifish, and clownfish). While accounting for stochasticity and confounders of linkage disequilibrium (LD) -based recombination rate estimates, we find that recombination landscapes diverged substantially in all comparisons. This divergence generally increases with genetic differentiation and divergence time, but the amount of PRDI accumulated per unit of genetic divergence (FST), net nucleotide divergence (da), or divergence time varies markedly among population and species pairs. Comparisons across systems suggest that PRDI accumulation tends to be faster (per unit of FST, da, or divergence time) in pairs with higher inferred gene flow. We also introduce a local version of PRDI (_l) to better characterize genomic heterogeneity in effective recombination divergence. We find that higher inferred gene flow between populations tends to be associated with stronger intragenomic correlation between local FST and _l. Finally, we propose a conceptual framework for investigating how divergent selection and gene flow may interact to shape effective recombination landscape divergence. Our work highlights the heterogeneous dynamics of effective recombination landscape evolution, and motivates further theoretical and empirical efforts to integrate recombination landscape evolution into studies of adaptation and speciation.

evolutionary biology↗

bioRxiv2026

Social and environmental cues mask circadian activity patterns in a highly social shell-dwelling cichlid fish

Species exhibit variation in their circadian activity rhythms, including being active during the day (diurnal), the night (nocturnal), or the twilight periods (crepuscular). While the influence of environmental factors such as light on entraining and controlling activity patterns is well known, it is unclear how social and abiotic factors affect circadian behaviors. The daily activity patterns of Lake Tanganyikan cichlid fish are diverse, and may be associated with species diversification. Intriguingly, some shell-dwelling cichlid species, which anecdotal observation suggests are diurnal, displayed strong nocturnal activity when assayed in a "common garden" lab setup. Here, by integrating field and lab-based studies, we provide three lines of evidence that social and environmental cues mask underlying circadian rhythms in shell-dwelling cichlids. First, we demonstrate that shell-dwelling cichlids are diurnal in their natural habitat, but convert to nocturnal activity when assayed alone in a common garden. Second, we identify that in the presence of a shell and conspecifics the highly social N. multifasciatus becomes diurnal. In contrast, the circadian activity pattern of a closely related, but sub-social species, N. brevis, is masked only by a shell, and unaffected by the presence of conspecifics. Third, we demonstrate that the masking effect of shells and conspecifics is circadian and continues in the absence of light. Fourth, we identify that the response to these cues is influenced by sex, with greater effects in female fish, and by pedigree, with stronger effects in individuals bred and raised in captivity compared to those captured in the wild. Together, these experiments reveal new relationships between circadian rhythms and sociality in these fishes, offering broader insights into the ecological and evolutionary drivers of these behaviours.

animal behavior and cognition↗

bioRxiv2026

Cell-type Plasticity Supports Behavioral Adaptations at the Water-to-Land Interface

Animals inhabiting aquatic or terrestrial habitats experience different constraints on their physiology and locomotion, and are exposed to fundamentally different sensory environments. Across evolutionary timescales, most species have adapted to live exclusively either in water or on land. Newts are among the vertebrates that defy this rule and split their adult lives between freshwater ponds and terrestrial habitats. In these amphibians, transitions across environments cause remarkable phenotypic plasticity in their body morphology. But whether and how the nervous system and behavior also adapt to these environmental changes remains poorly explored. Here, we establish the Iberian ribbed newt Pleurodeles waltl as a new model to study the neurobiology of environmental plasticity in a vertebrate. We first show that experimental transitions between aquatic and terrestrial laboratory settings recapitulate morphological changes observed in the wild. Furthermore, aquatic and terrestrial newts display plasticity in sensory and motor behaviors, including differences in walking gait and odor responsiveness. In the olfactory system, the transition from water to land involves a profound remodeling of the nasal epithelium, including reversible transcriptomic changes in secretory and support cells, and an increase of neurogenesis. Together, our findings reveal how plasticity of specific cell types in the nervous system supports behavioral adaptations across environments. More broadly, this work establishes newts as a model to study the functional constraints and convergent adaptations that may have shaped the evolution of vertebrate nervous systems in water and on land.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2026

Genomic evidence for facultative selfing in the cichlid fish Cyphotilapia frontosa

Organisms have evolved a remarkable diversity of reproductive strategies in response to environmental variations and selective pressures. Although most vertebrates do reproduce biparentally, rare alternative modes such as selfing (self-fertilization) and different forms of parthenogenesis exist, but remain poorly characterized. Here, we investigated an unusual reproductive event in the normally biparental cichlid fish Cyphotilapia frontosa, in which a female produced offspring in the absence of a male. Using whole-genome sequencing data, we analyzed whether reproduction occurred via selfing or parthenogenesis by comparing patterns of heterozygosity with those from a wild, genetically diverse C. frontosa family collected in Lake Tanganyika and a closely related inbred Ctenochromis benthicola family. The uniparental family exhibited reduced genetic diversity, elevated relatedness, and genome-wide patterns of homozygosity distinct from those expected under parthenogenesis or inbreeding, but consistent with self-fertilization. Our study provides rare genomic evidence of selfing in a vertebrate and suggests that such alternative reproductive modes may be overlooked rather than truly absent. These findings contribute to a broader understanding of how alternative reproductive strategies evolve in vertebrate lineages. SignificanceThe overwhelming majority of vertebrates reproduce sexually, requiring a male and a female to produce genetically distinct offspring. Yet, rare alternative modes involving only a single parent such as asexual parthenogenesis ("virgin birth") or self-fertilization challenge this paradigm. Among these, selfing is exceptionally uncommon and poorly studied in vertebrates. Here, we unveiled - based on genomic analyses - the reproductive strategy of a member of the extraordinarily diverse cichlid fish radiation in Lake Tanganyika that reproduced in captivity in the absence of a male. By comparing patterns of genome-wide heterozygosity with both wild and inbred reference families, we identified a rare case of selfing. This finding adds to the limited records of selfing in vertebrates and expands current understanding of reproductive diversity, highlighting the power of whole-genome sequencing to distinguish among alternative reproductive mechanisms.

evolutionary biology↗

bioRxiv2026

Convergent genome streamlining accompanies independent miniaturization in the world's smallest fishes

Miniaturization, the reduction of adult body size to an extreme degree, has evolved repeatedly across vertebrates. Yet its genomic underpinnings remain poorly understood. Cypriniformes, the most species-rich order of freshwater fishes, contains multiple miniaturized lineages that have evolved contrasting developmental processes. Proportioned dwarfs are tiny-bodied but otherwise morphologically similar to larger relatives, while progenetic miniatures exhibit developmental truncation thus retaining larval-like anatomical features into adulthood. Using a new time-calibrated phylogeny of 309 cypriniform species and comparative genomic analyses of 33 high-quality genome assemblies, we investigated the evolutionary history and genomic correlates of miniaturization across this order. Ancestral state reconstruction revealed multiple independent origins of both miniature types, with transitions predominantly unidirectional and non-randomly distributed across the phylogeny. The origins of the two types of miniatures differed in their timing. Progenetic miniatures arose predominantly as early as the Eocene while proportioned dwarfs arose mainly within the Miocene period. Genome size variation across Cypriniformes has been overwhelmingly driven by polyploidy. However, progenetic miniatures but not proportioned dwarfs showed consistent genome size reduction. Comparative genomic analyses revealed that all three independently-evolved progenetic miniature lineages share convergent signatures of repeat loss alongside genome-wide intron shortening, patterns absent in proportioned dwarfs. Our study provides the broadest evidence to date that progenetic miniaturization, despite independent origins, is underpinned by predictable structural genomic changes, revealing a fundamental link between developmental truncation and genome architecture in vertebrates.

evolutionary biology↗

bioRxiv2026

Reference genomes of four miniature and non-miniature cypriniform fishes inhabiting acidic peat-swamp forest blackwaters of Southeast Asia

The acidic blackwaters of Southeast Asias peat-swamp forests represent some of the most extreme freshwater environments on Earth. Despite their very low pH values, limited nutrients, and hypoxic conditions, these blackwater habitats harbor a remarkable diversity of freshwater fishes, including multiple lineages that have independently adapted to these extreme conditions and, in some cases, exhibiting extreme body miniaturization. These replicate evolutionary lineages therefore provide a powerful comparative framework to investigate adaptation to extreme environments and the genomic basis of miniaturization. Here, we present high-quality, annotated reference genomes for four cypriniform species endemic to these peat-swamp forest ecosystems: Paedocypris sp., Sundadanio atomus, Boraras brigittae, and Rasbora kalochroma. The first two are progenetic miniatures, including Paedocypris, comprising the smallest known fish, while B. brigittae represents a proportioned dwarf and R. kalochroma a non-miniature taxon. Genome sizes ranged from 401-1,290 Mb and heterozygosity from 0.34-1.7%. All genome assemblies achieved pseudo-chromosome-level contiguity, high k-mer completeness (>99%), and high BUSCO completeness (94.5-98.9%). Repeat analyses revealed lineage-specific differences in transposable element landscapes and abundances, while gene annotation identified notable intron length reduction in progenetic miniatures.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2026

Phylogenomics of Cypriniformes, the most diverse order of freshwater fishes: consensus, challenges and limitations

Cypriniformes, the most species-rich order of freshwater fishes ([~]5,000 species), represents a key lineage for understanding vertebrate diversification in freshwater ecosystems. This clade includes several highly miniaturized and understudied lineages whose phylogenetic placements have long remained contentious. Here, we present the first phylogenomic analysis of Cypriniformes with complete family-level representation and broad genus-level coverage, encompassing 316 species comprising approximately 30% of all described genera. Our dataset integrates 257 newly assembled genomes with publicly available resources and analyzes multiple sets of genome-wide markers using both concatenation-based and coalescent-aware approaches. The general concordance among analytical frameworks indicates that the backbone topology of Cypriniformes is now established, allowing clear identification between well-supported clades and regions of persistent conflict. Our results strengthen the evolutionary relationships of several miniaturized lineages, while identifying recalcitrant relationships shaped by both biological processes and model artefacts that can yield superficially similar patterns of phylogenetic conflict. Our study substantially expands genomic representation and establishes a phylogenomic foundation for future comparative, developmental, and evolutionary research in this freshwater radiation.

evolutionary biology↗

bioRxiv2025

Evolution of chromatin accessibility associated with traits of cichlid phenotypic diversity

The radiations of cichlid fishes in East African Lakes Victoria, Malawi, and Tanganyika showcase a remarkable example of rapid adaptive speciation, with over 2000 species evolving diverse morphological and ecological adaptations within the last few million years. Understanding the molecular basis of this phenotypic diversity remains a key challenge. Building on prior evidence of gene regulatory network (GRN) rewiring underpinning adaptive traits, we profiled chromatin accessibility (ATAC-seq) and matched transcriptomes across forebrain, retina, liver, and testis tissues in five representative cichlid species using optimised protocols. We show extensive divergence in chromatin accessibility corresponding to phylogenetic lineages and tissue identity, with many regulatory regions exhibiting accelerated nucleotide evolution. Transcription factor binding site (TFBS) variation correlates with both chromatin accessibility and differential gene expression, particularly in genes linked to sensory systems. Building on this, we reconstructed tissue- and species-specific GRNs and show that motif-supported network inference reveals pervasive but tissue-dependent rewiring, with the strongest candidate edges concentrated among accessible, highly expressed genes linked to adaptive traits. By integrating TF footprinting with regulatory motif turnover analyses, we demonstrate that dynamic nucleotide changes are associated with GRN rewiring, concordant with ecological niche and lineage-specific adaptations. Our findings highlight that regulatory variation at conserved and novel TFBSs associates with genes linked to phenotypic innovation across radiating and non-radiating East African cichlids. This study provides foundational epigenomic evidence linking GRN divergence to key mechanisms facilitating rapid adaptive diversification in this iconic vertebrate radiation.

evolutionary biology↗

bioRxiv2025

Evolutionary dynamics of the vertebrate Wnt gene repertoire

The Wnt gene family plays a central role in vertebrate development, yet its evolutionary dynamics across lineages remain largely unexplored. Here, we present the most comprehensive analysis of Wnt gene evolution in vertebrates to date, leveraging a large-scale comparative genomics approach of 38,886 Wnt gene sequences mined from 1,961 species. We first investigate overall patterns of gene retention, duplication, and loss, and then focus specifically on the impact of whole-genome duplications (WGDs). We uncover striking variation in Wnt gene repertoire sizes, with ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) exhibiting the largest repertoires - even after excluding taxa with recent WGDs. Notably, we identify extreme expansions in polyploid cyprinids, including an octoploid hybrid harbouring 99 Wnt genes, the highest number observed. Unexpectedly elevated Wnt copy numbers in diploid species, such as the Antarctic lanternfish (Electrona antarctica) and the brook lamprey (Lethenteron reissneri), point to lineage-specific expansions with potential adaptive significance. Evolutionary rate analyses reveal that certain Wnt clades - especially Wnt8 and Wnt16 - exhibit elevated dN/dS ratios and high birth-death rates, indicative of repeated episodes of relaxed constraint or adaptive diversification. Contrary to our expectations, there was no relationship between developmental expression timing and evolutionary rates, suggesting pleiotropic regulation and functional redundancy of Wnt genes. Altogether, our findings reveal pervasive, lineage-specific remodelling of Wnt gene repertoires, shaped by both genome duplication history and divergent evolutionary trajectories. This work provides a high-resolution framework for understanding the molecular evolution of a key developmental toolkit and highlights candidate genes for future studies of vertebrate eco-morphological diversity.

evolutionary biology↗

bioRxiv2025

Nonapeptide molecular evolution during the adaptive radiation of Tanganyika cichlids

Oxytocin (OT) and vasotocin (VT) are evolutionarily conserved nonapeptides that regulate a wide range of physiological and behavioural processes in vertebrates. Their receptor families have undergone gene duplications that facilitated functional diversification throughout vertebrate evolution. Using the diverse cichlid species in Lake Tanganyika, which have undergone repeated evolutionary transitions between social phenotypes, we investigated the molecular evolution of the nonapeptide system and its potential involvement in social behaviour. We performed a positive selection analysis based on the dN/dS ratio and examined the correlation between amino acid variants and two social phenotypes. We also analysed gene expression data to explore associations between brain receptor expression and social phenotype variation. Our findings reveal that, while most sites in nonapeptide receptors are under strong purifying selection, a few sites - primarily in the extended intracellular loop 3 (IL3) of VTR2A receptors - show signatures of positive selection. Additionally, a specific amino acid in VTR2Aa correlates with pair-bonding, suggesting its potential role in social attachment. Together, our results provide new insights into the evolution of the nonapeptide system and its contribution to social diversity in cichlids.

evolutionary biology↗

bioRxiv2025

African Cichlid Lake Radiations Recapitulate Riverine Axial Morphologies Through Repeated Exploration of Morphospace

Macroevolutionary theory predicts that adaptive radiations are characterised by early bursts of trait evolution followed by rate slowdowns as ecological niches are filled. However, these dynamics are rarely detected within individual clades. Here, we test whether this discrepancy arises from limited temporal sampling by comparing replicated adaptive radiations of African cichlids spanning distinct evolutionary timescales. We show that the net rates of vertebral count evolution are inversely correlated with radiation age, consistent with early burst dynamics. However, we do not detect this pattern within the individual systems. We also find evidence of changes to the underlying processes that generate disparity across the timescale of adaptive radiation, signalled by increasing importance of phylogenetic signal with radiation age. This suggests that early phenotypic expansion is both rapid and phylogenetically unstructured, but that stabilising dynamics emerge on longer timescales, amid declining rates. Despite rapid phenotypic diversification, lacustrine lineages occupy only a subset of the broader morphospace of riverine taxa, suggesting that diversification over short timescales is constrained and may largely resample the variation already present in older lineages. Our results provide strong evidence for shifting evolutionary dynamics through time in adaptive radiations, and that the apparent rarity of early-burst signals in comparative analyses may partly reflect limited statistical power due to narrow temporal sampling.

evolutionary biology↗

bioRxiv2025

The visual system of the longest-living vertebrate, the Greenland shark

The Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus) is the longest-living vertebrate and inhabits the extremely dim and cold waters of the Arctic deep sea. This has led to speculations that it may have lost functional vision. Here, we present genomic, transcriptomic, histological and functional evidence that the Greenland shark retains an intact visual system well-adapted for life in dim light. Histology and in vitro opsin expression revealed visual adaptations typical of deep-sea species, including densely packed, elongated rods and a short-wavelength shift in rod visual pigment sensitivity. RNAscope confirmed the presence of essential visual cell types, such as rods, Muller glia, and bipolar, amacrine, and ganglion cells. Moreover, despite being centuries old, the examined specimens showed no signs of retinal degeneration. Using whole genome and retinal RNA-sequencing, we further show that dim-light (rod-based) vision genes are intact and robustly expressed, while many bright-light (cone-based) vision genes have become pseudogenized and/or are no longer expressed. Finally, our data suggest that efficient DNA repair mechanisms may contribute to the long-term preservation of retinal function over centuries in the Greenland shark.

evolutionary biology↗

bioRxiv2025

Hi-reComb: constructing recombination maps from bulk gamete Hi-C sequencing

Recombination is central to genetics and to evolution of sexually reproducing organisms. However, obtaining accurate estimates of recombination rates, and of how they vary along chromosomes, continues to be challenging. To advance our ability to estimate recombination rates, we present Hi-reComb, a new method and software for estimation of recombination maps from bulk gamete chromosome conformation capture sequencing (Hi-C). Simulations show that Hi-reComb produces robust, accurate recombination landscapes. With empirical data from sperm of five fish species we show the advantages of this approach, including joint assessment of recombination maps and large structural variants, map comparisons using bootstrap, and workflows with trio phasing vs. Hi-C phasing. With off-the-shelf library construction and a straightforward rapid workflow, our approach will facilitate routine recombination landscape estimation for a broad range of studies and model organisms in genetics and evolutionary biology. Hi-reComb is open-source and freely available at https://github.com/millanek/Hi-reComb.

genetics↗

bioRxiv2024

Strong evidence for multiple horizontal transfers of immune genes between teleost fishes

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is less frequent in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes, yet can have strong functional implications and was proposed as causal factor for major adaptations in several eukaryotic lineages. Most cases of eukaryote HGT reported to date are inter-domain transfers and only few studies have investigated eukaryote-to-eukaryote HGTs. Furthermore, the extent to which HGT has contributed to the gene repertoire of some lineages such as vertebrates remains unclear. Here, we performed a large-scale survey of HGT among 242 species of ray-finned fishes. We found strong evidence supporting 18 teleost-to-teleost HGT events that involve 17 different genes in 11 teleost fish orders. The genes involved in these transfers show lower synonymous divergence than expected under vertical transmission, their phylogeny is inconsistent with that of teleost fishes, and high nucleotide similarity on these genes between donor and recipient lineages extends to non-coding regions. The distribution of HGT events in the teleost tree is heterogenous, with eight of the 18 transfers occurring between the same two orders (Osmeriformes and Clupeiformes). Besides the previously reported transfer of an antifreeze protein, most transferred genes play roles in immunity, suggesting that such genes are more likely than others to confer strong selective advantage to the recipient species. Overall, our work shows that teleost-to-teleost HGT has occurred on multiple occasions and it will be worth further quantifying these transfers and evaluating their impact on teleost evolution as more genomes are being sequenced.

evolutionary biology↗

bioRxiv2024

Adaptive cellular evolution in the intestinal tracts of hyperdiverse African cichlid fishes

Adaptations related to how nutrients are acquired and processed play a central role in the colonization of novel ecological niches and, therefore, in organismal diversification. While the evolution of feeding structures has been studied extensively in this context, the nature of dietary adaptations in the digestive tract remains largely unexplored. Here, we investigate the cellular and molecular basis of dietary adaptations in the massive radiation of cichlid fishes in Lake Tanganyika using comprehensive single-cell transcriptomic data derived from the intestines of 24 endemic cichlid species with distinct habitats and diets. We show that, at the cellular level, dietary adaptations are primarily driven by anterior enterocytes, and that both the relative abundance and gene expression profiles of these cells have evolved in response to rapid dietary specializations. These dietary adaptations are driven by rapidly evolving cell population-specific genes, suggesting that alterations in epithelial cell specification programs and molecular makeup promote ecological diversification.

evolutionary biology↗

bioRxiv2024

Deep-sea fish reveal alternative pathway for vertebrate visual development

Vertebrate vision is accomplished by two phenotypically distinct types of photoreceptors in the retina: the saturation-resistant cones for the detection of bright light and the highly sensitive rods for dim light conditions [1]. The current dogma is that, during development, all vertebrates initially feature a cone-dominated retina, and rods are added later [2, 3]. By studying the ontogeny of vision in three species of deep-sea fishes, we show that their larvae express cone-specific genes in photoreceptors with rod-like morphologies. Through development, these fishes either retain this rod-like cone retina (Maurolicus mucronatus) or switch to a retina with true rod photoreceptors with expression of rod-specific genes and transcription factors (Vinciguerria mabahiss and Benthosema pterotum). In contrast to the larvae of most marine fishes, which inhabit the bright upper layer of the open ocean, the larvae of deep-sea fishes occur deeper, exposing them to a dimmer light environment [4-7]. Spectral maxima predictions from molecular dynamics simulations and environmental light estimations suggest that using transmuted photoreceptors that combine the characteristics of both cones and rods maximises visual performance in these dimmer light conditions. Our findings provide molecular, morphological, and functional evidence for the evolution of an alternative developmental pathway for vertebrate vision.

evolutionary biology↗

bioRxiv2024

Evolution of the non-visual and visual opsin gene repertoire in ray-finned fishes

Photoreception - the detection of light for image formation (vision) as well as for non-image-forming purposes (circadian regulation, DNA repair) - is critical to the survival of most animals. In vertebrates, photoreception is mediated by opsin proteins, which are classified, according to their function, into visual and non-visual opsins. Here, we provide the most comprehensive study to date on the evolution of the opsin gene family in the largest class of vertebrate, fishes, with a particular focus on the understudied non-visual opsins. Based on an in-depth analysis of 535 high-quality genomes, we document great variation in gene numbers in the different opsin gene subfamilies across ray-finned fishes and show that visual opsins are more prone to duplications and losses than non-visual opsins. We provide compelling evidence that visual and non-visual opsins co-evolve in ray-finned fishes, both in terms of copy numbers and selective pressures acting on their coding sequences, probably in response to the different photic environments they inhabit. Species that live in dim light or all in the dark (such as in caves or the deep sea) convergently reduced their visual and non-visual opsin gene repertoires, while polar species feature accelerated evolution in both. Fishes that rely on electroreception show a reduction in the number of visual and non-visual opsin genes and accelerated evolution of the remaining genes. We further found that genes of the phototransduction cascade co-evolve with opsins. Finally, that non-visual opsins are mainly expressed in testes and ovaries (next to the eyes) supports a function in gamete biology.

evolutionary biology↗

bioRxiv2024

Widespread temporal niche partitioning in an adaptive radiation of cichlid fishes

The partitioning of ecological niches is a fundamental component of species diversification in adaptive radiations. However, it is presently unknown if and how such bursts of organismal diversity are influenced by temporal niche partitioning, wherein species avoid competition by being active during different time windows. Here, we address this question through profiling temporal activity patterns in the exceptionally diverse fauna of cichlid fishes from African Lake Tanganyika. By integrating week-long longitudinal behavioural recordings of over 500 individuals from 60 species with eco-morphological and genomic information, we provide two lines of evidence that temporal niche partitioning facilitated this massive adaptive radiation. First, Tanganyikan cichlids exhibit all known circadian temporal activity patterns (diurnal, nocturnal, crepuscular, and cathemeral) and display substantial inter-specific variation in daily amounts of locomotion. Second, many species with similar habitat and diet niches occupy distinct temporal niches. Moreover, our results suggest that shifts between diurnal and nocturnal activity patterns are facilitated by a crepuscular intermediate state. In addition, genome-wide association studies indicate that the genetics underlying activity patterns is complex, with different clades associated with different combinations of variants. The identified variants were not associated with core circadian clock genes but with genes implicated in synapse function. These observations indicate that temporal niche partitioning contributed to adaptive radiation in cichlids and that many genes are associated with the diversity and evolution of temporal activity patterns.

evolutionary biology↗