Biology subjects

Sale, J.

Publications and source records attributed to Sale, J..

4 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2025

ecDNA replication is disorganised and vulnerable to replication stress

Extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) is a critical driver of cancer progression, contributing to tumour growth, evolution, and therapeutic resistance through oncogene amplification. Despite its significance, the replication of ecDNA remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the replication dynamics of ecDNA using high-resolution replication timing analysis (Repli-seq) and DNAscent, a method for measuring origin firing and replication fork movement based on ultra-long read Oxford Nanopore Sequencing, that we applied to both bulk DNA and to ecDNA isolated with FACS-based Isolation of Native ecDNA (FINE), a new method for isolating intact, chromatinised ecDNA without DNA or protein digestion. We demonstrate that ecDNA in the COLO 320DM colorectal cancer cell line exhibits largely asynchronous replication throughout the S phase, contrasting with the conserved replication timing of the corresponding normal linear chromosomal DNA in RPE-1 cells and the chromosomally reintegrated ecDNA in COLO 320HSR, which forms a homogeneously staining region. Replication origins on ecDNA are redistributed, and replication forks exhibit reduced velocity and increased stalling, particularly near the c-MYC oncogene. Under replication stress induced by hydroxyurea treatment, ecDNA replication is further compromised, leading to altered origin activation, reduced fork velocity and eventual ecDNA depletion from cells. Our findings reveal fundamental differences in the replication dynamics of ecDNA, providing insights that could inform the development of therapies targeting ecDNA-associated oncogene amplification in cancer.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2021

In vitro evolution predicts emerging CoV-2 mutations with high affinity for ACE2 and cross-species binding

Emerging SARS CoV-2 variants are creating major challenges in the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic. Predicting CoV-2 mutations that increase transmissibility or immune evasion would be extremely valuable in development of broad-acting therapeutics and vaccines and prioritising viral monitoring and containment. Using in vitro evolution, we identify a double mutation in CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) that increases affinity for ACE2 almost 20-fold. We determine the mutant:ACE2 structure to reveal the binding mechanism and show the main affinity driver, Q498H, boosts binding of other RBD variants. We find this mutation incompatible with the common N501Y mutation, but N501Y variants can acquire Q498R to access a similar bonding network and affinity gain. We show Q498H, and Q498R plus N501Y, enable variants to bind rat ACE2 with high affinity. These mutations are now emerging in CoV-2 variants, such as the Omicron variant, where they would be expected to drive increased human-to-human and cross-species transmission.

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2021

Determination of human DNA replication origin position and efficiency reveals principles of initiation zone organisation

Replication of the human genome initiates within broad zones of ~ 150 kb. The extent to which firing of individual DNA replication origins within initiation zones is spatially stochastic or localised at defined sites remains a matter of debate. A thorough characterisation of the dynamic activation of origins within initiation zones is hampered by the lack of a high-resolution map of both their position and efficiency. To address this shortcoming, we describe a modification of initiation site sequencing (ini-seq) based on density substitution. Newly-replicated DNA is rendered heavy-light (HL) by incorporation of BrdUTP, unreplicated DNA remaining light-light (LL). Replicated HL-DNA is separated from unreplicated LL-DNA by equilibrium density gradient centrifugation, then both fractions are subjected to massive parallel sequencing. This allows precise mapping of 23,905 replication origins simultaneously with an assignment of a replication initiation efficiency score to each. We show that origin firing within initiation zones is not randomly distributed. Rather, origins are arranged hierarchically with a set of very highly efficient origins marking zone boundaries. We propose that these origins explain much of the early firing activity arising within initiation zones, helping to unify the concept of replication initiation zones with the identification of discrete replication origin sites.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2019

Timeless couples G quadruplex detection with processing by DDX11 during DNA replication

Regions of the genome with the potential to form secondary structure pose a frequent and significant impediment to DNA replication and must be actively managed in order to preserve genetic and epigenetic integrity. The fork protection complex (FPC), a conserved group of replisome-associated proteins including Timeless, Tipin, and Claspin, plays an important role in maintaining efficient replisome activation, ensuring optimum fork rates, sister chromatid cohesion and checkpoint function. It also helps maintain the stability of sequences prone to secondary structure formation through an incompletely understood mechanism. Here, we report a previously unappreciated DNA binding domain in the C-terminus of Timeless, which exhibits specific binding to G quadruplex (G4) structures. We show that, in vivo, both the C-terminus of Timeless and the DDX11 helicase act collaboratively to ensure processive replication of G4 structures to prevent genetic and epigenetic instability.

molecular biology↗