Salaka, R. J. | bioRxiv Science

bioRxiv2025

Alternative splicing of synaptotagmin 7 regulates oligomerization and short-term synaptic plasticity

Synaptic plasticity is crucial for learning and memory. The presynaptic calcium sensor synaptotagmin 7 (syt7) regulates aspects of short-term plasticity (STP), but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that alternative splicing of the syt7 juxtamembrane linker acts as a molecular switch at both biochemical and functional levels. The and {beta} variants undergo liquid-liquid phase separation to form condensates, while the {gamma} variant forms aggregates. Using iGluSnFR imaging, we found that when expressed at equal levels, these three isoforms also diverge regarding their abilities to regulate two key aspects of STP: paired-pulse facilitation and synaptic depression. STED microscopy showed that all three isoforms form active zone-associated clusters that colocalize with syt1, while MINFLUX super-resolution microscopy resolved syt7 clusters within the active zone, well-positioned to directly control synaptic vesicle dynamics. Thus, alternative splicing might fine-tune STP by differentially impacting syt7 oligomerization.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2024

D-Serine inhibits non-ionotropic NMDA receptor signaling

NMDA-type glutamate receptors (NMDARs) are widely recognized as master regulators of synaptic plasticity, most notably for driving long-term changes in synapse size and strength that support learning. NMDARs are unique among neurotransmitter receptors in that they require binding of both neurotransmitter (glutamate) and co-agonist (e.g. O_SCPLOWDC_SCPLOW-serine) to open the receptor channel, which leads to the influx of calcium ions that drive synaptic plasticity. Over the past decade, evidence has accumulated that NMDARs also support synaptic plasticity via ion flux-independent (non-ionotropic) signaling upon the binding of glutamate in the absence of co-agonist, although conflicting results have led to significant controversy. Here, we hypothesized that a major source of contradictory results can be attributed to variable occupancy of the co-agonist binding site under different experimental conditions. To test this hypothesis, we manipulated co-agonist availability in acute hippocampal slices from mice of both sexes. We found that enzymatic scavenging of endogenous co-agonists enhanced the magnitude of LTD induced by non-ionotropic NMDAR signaling in the presence of the NMDAR pore blocker, MK801. Conversely, a saturating concentration of O_SCPLOWDC_SCPLOW-serine completely inhibited both LTD and spine shrinkage induced by glutamate binding in the presence of MK801. Using a FRET-based assay in cultured neurons, we further found that O_SCPLOWDC_SCPLOW-serine completely blocked NMDA-induced conformational movements of the GluN1 cytoplasmic domains in the presence of MK801. Our results support a model in which O_SCPLOWDC_SCPLOW-serine inhibits ion flux-independent NMDAR signaling and plasticity, and thus O_SCPLOWDC_SCPLOW-serine availability could serve to modulate NMDAR signaling even when the NMDAR is blocked by magnesium. Significance StatementNMDARs are glutamate-gated cation channels that are key regulators of neurodevelopment and synaptic plasticity and unique in their requirement for binding of a co-agonist (e.g. O_SCPLOWDC_SCPLOW-serine) in order for the channel to open. NMDARs have been found to drive synaptic plasticity via non-ionotropic (ion flux-independent) signaling upon the binding of glutamate in the absence of co-agonist, though conflicting results have led to controversy. Here, we found that O_SCPLOWDC_SCPLOW-serine inhibits non-ionotropic NMDAR-mediated LTD and LTD-associated spine shrinkage. Thus, a major source of the contradictory findings might be attributed to experimental variability in O_SCPLOWDC_SCPLOW-serine availability. In addition, the developmental regulation of O_SCPLOWDC_SCPLOW-serine levels suggests a role for non-ionotropic NMDAR plasticity during critical periods of plasticity.

neuroscience↗