Tools, strains, and strategies to effectively conduct anaerobic and aerobic transcriptional reporter screens and assays in Staphylococcus aureus
Transcriptional reporters are reliable and time-tested tools to study gene regulation. In Staphylococcus aureus, {beta}-galactosidase (lacZ)-based genetic screens are not widely used because of the necessity of selectable markers for strain construction and the production of staphyloxanthin pigment which obfuscates results. We describe a series of vectors that allow for markerless insertion of codon-optimized lacZ-based transcriptional reporters. The vectors encode for different ribosomal binding sites allowing for tailored lacZ expression. A {Delta}crtM::kanR deletion insertion mutant was constructed that prevents the synthesis of staphyloxanthin, thereby permitting blue-white screening without the interference of carotenoid production. We demonstrate the utility of these vectors to monitor aerobic and anaerobic transcriptional activity. For the latter, we describe the use of a ferrocyanide-ferricyanide redox system (Fe(CN)63-/4-) permitting blue-white screening in the absence of oxygen. We also describe additional reporter systems and methods for monitoring transcriptional activity during anaerobic culture including a FAD-binding fluorescent protein (EcFbFP), alpha-hemolysin (hla), or lipase (geh). The systems and methods described are compatible with vectors utilized to create and screen high-density transposon mutant libraries. ImportanceStaphylococcus aureus is a human pathogen and a leading cause of infectious disease-related illness and death worldwide. For S. aureus to successfully colonize and invade host tissues, it must tightly control the expression of genes encoding for virulence factors. Oxygen tension varies greatly at infection sites and many abscesses are devoid of oxygen. In this study, we have developed novel tools and methods to study how and when S. aureus alters transcription of genes. A key advantage to these methods and tools is that they can be utilized in the presence and absence of oxygen. A better understanding of anaerobic gene expression in S. aureus will provide important insight into the regulation of genes in low oxygen environments.