Rottmar, M. | bioRxiv Science

bioRxiv2024

Delineation of signaling routes that underlie differences in macrophage phenotypic states

Macrophages represent a major immune cell type in tumor microenvironments, they exist in multiple functional states and are of a strong interest for therapeutic reprogramming. While signaling cascades defining pro-inflammatory macrophages are better characterized, pathways that drive polarization in immunosuppressive macrophages are incompletely mapped. Here, we performed an in-depth characterization of signaling events in primary human macrophages in different functional states using mass spectrometry-based proteomic and phosphoproteomic profiling. Analysis of direct and indirect footprints of kinase activities has suggested PAK2 and PKC kinases as important regulators of in vitro immunosuppressive macrophages (IL-4/IL-13 or IL-10 stimulated). Network integration of these data with the corresesponding transcriptome profiles has further highlighted FOS and NCOR2 as central transcription regulators in immunosuppressive states. Furthermore, we retrieved single cell sequencing datasets for tumors from cancer patients and found that the unbiased signatures identified here through proteomic analysis were able to successfully separate pro-inflammatory macrophage populations in a clinical setting and could thus be used to expand state-specific markers. This study contributes to in-depth multi-omics characterizations of macrophage phenotypic landscapes, which could be valuable for assisting future interventions that therapeutically alter immune cell compartments. O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=199 SRC="FIGDIR/small/574349v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (44K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1234713org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@10f4999org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a8dd60org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5dfb33_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIGlobal proteomic characterization of primary human macrophages in different states C_LIO_LIMapping of main signaling events through in-depth data analysis C_LIO_LIPKC and PAK2 kinases are important regulators of immunosuppressive macrophages C_LIO_LIProteomic signatures enable accurate detection of pro-inflammatory macrophages in patient tumors C_LI

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2019

Electron microscopy characterization of minerals formed in vitro by human bone cells and vascular smooth muscle cells

Soft tissue mineralization has been found to be a major component of diseases such as aortic valve stenosis and rheumatic heart disease. Cardiovascular mineralization has been suggested to follow mechanisms similar to those of bone formation with several cell culture models been developed over the years to provide mechanistic insights. These cell models have been characterized by a wide range of biochemical and molecular methods, which identified the presence of osteogenic markers and bone-like cells. However, there is a surprisingly small number of studies where the mineral formed in these cell culture models has been characterized by physico-chemical methods, and even fewer studies have compared this mineral to the one produced by bone cells in cultures. Here we investigated the morphology and composition of the minerals formed in cell cultures of vascular smooth muscle cells and bone cells. Electron microscopy and traditional cell mineralization assays were applied, revealing that vascular cells are indeed able to form calcified nodules of elemental composition similar to bone, however with different morphology. Comparison of morphologies of the two minerals to that found in cardiovascular tissue shows that some of tissue calcification resembles the calcified fibers produced by bone cells in vitro. These results suggest that the characterization of the mineral is of utmost importance and its morphology and chemical properties can contribute an important piece of information in the comprehensive analysis of soft tissue mineralization mechanisms, both in in vitro cell culture as well as in clinical samples.

pathology↗