Climatic niche conservatism in non-native plants depends on introduction history and biogeographic context
Many tools informing preventive invasion management build on the assumption that introduced species will conserve their climatic niches outside their native ranges. Previous research testing the validity of this assumption found contradictory results regarding niche conservatism vs. niche switching for non-native species. An open question is in how far these contradictions reflect context dependency, yet only few studies compared the niche dynamics of species introduced to multiple regions. Here, we used an ordination-based approach to quantify the climatic niche changes (stability, unfilling, expansion) of 316 plant species introduced to eight different regions across the world, including the Pacific region with extreme isolation between island groups. We then performed multiple phylogenetic regressions to assess how the regional context and species characteristics affect niche dynamics. Niche conservatism varied across regions, even within species. While niche expansion into previously unoccupied climates was generally low, niche unfilling varied strongly between regions. Generally, region-specific introduction history and species biogeographic attributes were more important for explaining niche changes than ecological traits. Niche expansion was consistently higher for species with small native range sizes, and niche stability increased. In contrast, niche unfilling decreased with time since introduction which could suggest that the lack of niche conservatism observed in many regions might be transient and potentially related to dispersal limitations. Overall, our results shed light on the context dependency of climatic niche changes when species are introduced to new regions, highlighting that the species and region-specific context should be accounted for when assessing the potential for niche changes. Significance StatementAs non-native species are introduced to new regions by humans, they may occupy the same climatic conditions as in their native ranges, leave parts of their native niche unfilled or expanding into previously unoccupied conditions. Knowing to which extent these niche dynamics generally occur is essential for understanding and managing biological invasions. Here, we evaluate regional differences in the climatic niche dynamics of non-native plants that were introduced to multiple regions across the world. We found marked variation across regions, influenced by factors such as the time that has passed since species were introduced, or biogeographic attributes of both the native and non-native ranges. These findings indicate that a lack of apparent niche changes is likely a temporary phenomenon.