Ancient DNA of Rickettsia felis and Toxoplasma gondii implicated in the death of a hunter-gatherer boy from South Africa, 2,000 years ago
The Stone Age record of South Africa provides some of the earliest evidence for the biological and cultural origins of Homo sapiens. While there is extensive genomic evidence for the selection of polymorphisms in response to pathogen-pressure in sub-Saharan Africa, there is insufficient evidence for ancient human-pathogen interactions in the region. Here, we analysed shotgun metagenome libraries derived from the sequencing of a Later Stone Age hunter-gatherer child who lived near Ballito Bay, South Africa, c. 2,000 years ago. This resulted in the identification of DNA sequence reads homologous to Rickettsia felis, and the reconstruction of an ancient R. felis genome, the causative agent of typhus-like flea-borne rickettsioses. The concurrent detection of DNA reads derived from Toxoplasma gondii, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, confirms the pre-Neolithic incidence of these pathogens in southern Africa. We demonstrate that an R. felis and T. gondii co-infection, exacerbated by various additional bacterial and parasitic pathogens, contributed to the ill-health and subsequent demise of the boy from Ballito Bay.