Single-cell sequencing identifies novel atypical B cell subsets with distinct effector functions
Atypical B cells are a population of activated B cells that are commonly enriched in individuals with chronic immune activation, but are also part of a normal immune response to infection or vaccination. Prior studies to determine the function of these cells have yielded conflicting results, possibly due to functional heterogeneity among this B cell population. To better define the role(s) of atypical B cells in the host adaptive immune response, we performed single-cell sequencing of transcriptomes, cell surface markers, and B cell receptors in individuals with chronic Plasmodium falciparum exposure, a condition known to lead to accumulation of circulating atypical B cells. Our studies identified three previously uncharacterized populations of atypical B cells with distinct transcriptional and functional profiles, that separate into two differentiation pathways. We identified a set of cell surface markers to distinguish these atypical B cell subsets and confirmed their presence in malaria-experienced children and adults using flow cytometry. Plasmodium falciparum-specific cells were present in equal proportions within each of these atypical B cell populations, indicating that all three subsets develop in response to antigen stimulation. However, we observed marked differences among the three subsets in their ability to produce IgG upon T-cell-dependent activation. Collectively, our findings help explain the conflicting observations in prior studies on the functions of atypical B cells and provide a better understanding of their role in the adaptive immune response in chronic inflammatory conditions. One sentence summaryAtypical B cells consist of three subsets that may play distinct roles in the host adaptive immune response.