Resasco, J. | bioRxiv Science

bioRxiv2026

Urbanization and wealth alter arthropod biodiversity and pollination services in community gardens

1. As city populations expand globally, understanding how urbanization shapes ecosystem services is increasingly important. Urban agriculture plays a key role in food access, particularly in low-income areas with limited access to fresh produce. Arthropods play important roles in these systems through pollination, herbivory, pest control, and nutrient cycling. Urban development of natural areas often reduces biodiversity, including that of arthropods. Additionally, urban biodiversity frequently correlates positively with socioeconomic conditions, a pattern known as the luxury effect. 2. In this study, we examined how gradients in urbanization and socioeconomic context relate to local and landscape habitat quality, arthropod abundance, and pollination services across 21 community gardens in the Denver, CO Metro Area. To quantify ecosystem services, we employed a sentinel plant, Cucumis sativus (cucumber), and collected arthropods (insects, myriapods, arachnids, isopods), assigning them to functional groups based on their known feeding behavior. We evaluated direct and indirect pathways linking urban matrix characteristics to arthropod-mediated ecosystem services. 3. The abundance of all arthropod groups (including pollinators, herbivores, and natural enemies) declined steeply with increasing impervious surface. Neighborhood wealth was associated only with bee species richness and Shannon diversity and displayed a hump-shaped pattern that peaked at wealth levels 35-46% above the national average, then declined. Multivariate GLMs revealed that Western honeybees (Apis mellifera) were the only species driving differences in bee community composition, with their abundance positively related to neighborhood wealth. 4. We also observed pollen limitation in our cucumber plants, and as bee Shannon diversity increased, cucumber production increased. Environmental covariates alone showed no direct relationship with cucumber production, indicating that insect pollination mediated this effect. This work identifies the biophysical and social-ecological drivers of urban arthropod biodiversity and ecosystem services, revealing where crop production may be most vulnerable to decline in cities.

ecology↗

bioRxiv2025

Climate-driven specialisation in plant-pollinator networks peaks outside the tropics

Pollination is a key ecological process sustaining biodiversity and food security, yet global patterns of plant-pollinator specialisation have remained unresolved. Using the largest global dataset of quantitative networks (>3,400 networks, >110,000 interactions), we show that the latitudinal specialisation gradient (LSG) exists, but it is non-linear, hemispherically asymmetric, and strongly taxon-dependent. Network-level and pollinator specialisation were lowest in the tropics and peaked at northern mid-latitudes, whereas plants tended to become more specialised toward higher latitudes. Climate consistently outperformed latitude, species richness, and environmental productivity as a predictor of these patterns. Specialisation declined with increasing temperature, rose with moderate rainfall before declining at the wettest sites, and increased with temperature seasonality, but plants and pollinators responded differently to these drivers. Functional groups diverged strongly: ectothermic insects were most specialised in cooler, seasonal climates, while birds showed weaker links to latitude but reduced specialisation in wetter regions. These findings demonstrate that climate, rather than latitude or species richness, structures global variation in specialisation. Because warmer and less seasonal climates promote generalisation, climate change is likely to disrupt the most specialised pollination systems, unevenly across taxa and regions, with important consequences for biodiversity and ecosystem stability.

ecology↗