Rashid, H. A. | bioRxiv Science

bioRxiv2025

Temporal characteristics of hemodynamic responses during active and passive hand movements in schizophrenia spectrum disorder

In healthy individuals active compared to passive movements exhibit earlier neural processing, reflected by more positive contrast estimates of the first-order temporal derivative (TD) of the hemodynamic response function (HRF) in functional MRI (fMRI) analyses. This temporal advantage may play a critical role in self-other distinction. However, whether Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder (SSD) is associated with deficits in sensory-motor predictive mechanisms that influence this earlier processing remains unknown. Patients with SSD (n = 20) and healthy control subjects (HC; n = 20) performed active and passive hand movements, while detected delays in video feedback of their own or another persons hand movement. 3T fMRI data was recorded during the task. To assess response dynamics, we applied the TD to examine timing and the second-order dispersion derivative (DD) to evaluate duration of the HRF. Compared to HC, patients with SSD exhibited delayed BOLD activation during active vs. passive movements in the right caudate nucleus, lobule VIII of right cerebellar hemisphere, left superior temporal gyrus, left postcentral gyrus, left thalamus, and left putamen/insula. For active movement with own hand feedback, HC showed earlier activation in the bilateral putamen and insula, whereas patients with SSD exhibited earlier activation in the left precentral gyrus, supplementary motor area, and postcentral gyrus. Delayed BOLD responses in patients with SSD, particularly in the right cerebellar lobule VIII, bilateral putamen and insula, suggest impaired predictive mechanisms affecting feedback monitoring. These delays may contribute to disturbances in the sense of agency and self-action awareness, potentially underpinning core symptoms of SSD.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2025

Aberrant preparation of hand movement in schizophrenia spectrum disorder: An fMRI study

Schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) is linked to impaired self-other distinction and action feedback monitoring, largely stemming from sensory-motor predictive mechanisms. However, the neural correlates of these predictive processes during movement preparation are unknown. Here, we investigated whether patients with SSD exhibit aberrant sensory-motor predictive processes reflected in neural activation patterns prior to hand movement onset. Functional MRI data from patients with SSD (n = 20) and healthy controls (n = 20) were acquired during actively performed or passively induced hand movements. The task required participants to detect temporal delays between their movements and video feedback, which either displayed their own (self) or someone elses (other) hand moving in accordance with their own hand movements. Patients compared to healthy controls showed reduced preparatory blood-oxygen-level-dependent activation (active > passive) in clusters comprising the left putamen, left insula, left thalamus, and lobule VIII of the right cerebellum. Reduced activation in the left insula and putamen was specific to own-hand feedback. Additionally, patients with SSD revealed reduced suppression (passive > active) in bilateral and medial parietal (including the right angular gyrus) and occipital areas, the right postcentral gyrus, cerebellum crus I, as well as the left medial superior frontal gyrus. Ego-disturbances were negatively correlated with left insula and putamen activation during active conditions, and with right angular gyrus activation patterns during passive conditions when own-hand feedback was presented. These fMRI findings suggest that group differences are primarily evident during preparatory processes. Our results show that this preparatory neural activation is further linked to symptom severity, supporting the idea that the preparation of upcoming events as internal predictive mechanisms may underlie severe symptoms in patients with SSD. These findings could improve our understanding of other deficits in action planning, self-monitoring, and motor dysfunction in various psychiatric, neurological, and neurodegenerative disorders.

neuroscience↗