ATP-release drives inflammation with lysophosphatidylcholine
Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), a dominant lipid component of oxidized low-density lipoprotein, plays a major role in inflammation associated with atherosclerosis and neurodegenerative disorders. It activates inflammatory responses from macrophages, neuronal cells and endothelial cells. However, the exact mechanism by which LPC promotes inflammation remains incompletely understood. Here, we show that the production of inflammatory cytokines and cytotoxicity with LPC are both critically dependent on its ability to bring about release of ATP from cells. The induction of caspase-1-mediated IL-1{beta}-release with LPC from TLR-primed macrophages and neuronal cells is reduced in presence of ATP-hydrolyzing enzyme, apyrase and the inhibitors of purinergic signaling. ATP released from LPC-treated cells also promotes an IL-12p70hi, low phagocytic and poorly co-stimulatory phenotype in macrophages in a caspase-1 - independent manner. Treatment with apyrase reduces production of inflammatory cytokines with LPC in vivo. These findings reveal a previously unappreciated pathway for generation of inflammatory responses with LPC, and these have significant implications for therapeutic intervention in chronic inflammatory disorders promoted by this lipid.