Reprogramming Adeno-Associated Virus Tropism Via Displayed Peptides Tiling Receptor-Ligands
Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are common gene therapy vectors, however, their effectiveness is hindered by poor target tissue transduction and off-target delivery. Hypothesizing that naturally occurring receptor-ligand interactions could be repurposed to engineer tropism, we fragmented all annotated protein ligands known to bind human receptors into tiling 20-mer peptides and displayed these onto the surface loops of AAV5 and AAV9 capsids at two sites. The resulting four capsid libraries, comprising >1 million AAV variants, were screened across 9 tissues in C57BL/6 mice. Tracking variant abundance, we identified >250,000 variants which packaged into capsids, and >15,000 variants which efficiently transduced at least one mouse organ. We individually validated 21 AAV variants with 74.3% of the organ tropism predictions accurately reproducing, confirming overall screen efficacy. Systematic ligand tiling enabled prediction of putative AAV-receptor interactions, which we successfully validated by targeted genetic perturbations. Comprehensive peptide tiling also enabled examination of homologous peptide activity. Interestingly, we observed functional peptides tended to be derived from specific domains on ligands. Notably, certain peptides also displayed consistent activity across mice strains, capsid insertion contexts, and capsid serotypes, including novel immune orthogonal serotypes. Further analyses of displayed peptides revealed that biophysical attributes were highly predictive of AAV variant packaging, and there was a machine learnable relationship between peptide sequence and tissue tropism. We anticipate this comprehensive ligand peptide tiling and display approach will enable engineering of tropism across diverse viral, viral-like, and non-viral delivery platforms, and shed light into basic receptor-ligand biology.