Composition of the holdfast polysaccharide from Caulobacter crescentus
Surface colonization is central to the lifestyles of many bacteria. Exploiting surface niches requires sophisticated systems for sensing and attaching to solid materials. Caulobacter crescentus synthesizes a polysaccharide-based adhesin known as the holdfast at one of its cell poles, which enables tight attachment to exogenous surfaces. The genes required for holdfast biosynthesis have been analyzed in detail, but an inability to isolate sufficient quantities of holdfast has limited efforts to characterize its composition and structure. In this report we describe a method to extract the holdfast from C. crescentus cultures and present a survey of its carbohydrate content. Glucose, 3-O-methylglucose, mannose, N-acetylglucosamine and xylose were detected in our extracts. Our results suggest that the holdfast contains a 1,4-linked backbone of glucose, mannose, N-acetylglucosamine and xylose that is decorated with branches at the C-6 positions of glucose and mannose. By defining the monosaccharide components in the polysaccharide, our work establishes a framework for characterizing enzymes in the holdfast pathway and provides a broader understanding of how polysaccharide adhesins are built.