Pokorna, P. | bioRxiv Science

bioRxiv2021

Recognition of N6-methyladenosine by the YTHDC1 YTH domain studied by molecular dynamics and NMR spectroscopy: The role of hydration

The YTH domain of YTHDC1 belongs to a class of protein "readers", recognizing the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) chemical modification in mRNA. Static ensemble-averaged structures revealed details of N6-methyl recognition via a conserved aromatic cage. Here, we performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations along with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) to examine how dynamics and solvent interactions contribute to the m6A recognition and negative selectivity towards unmethylated substrate. The structured water molecules surrounding the bound RNA and the methylated substrates ability to exclude bulk water molecules contribute to the YTH domains preference for m6A. Intrusions of bulk water deep into the binding pocket disrupt binding of unmethylated adenosine. The YTHDC1s preference for the 5'-Gm6A-3' motif is partially facilitated by a network of water-mediated interactions between the 2-amino group of the guanosine and residues in the m6A binding pocket. The 5'-Im6A-3' (where I is inosine) motif can be recognized too but disruption of the water network lowers affinity. The D479A mutant also disrupts the water network and destabilizes m6A binding. Our interdisciplinary study of YTHDC1 protein/RNA complex reveals an unusual physical mechanism by which solvent interactions contributes towards m6A recognition.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2020

UNCG RNA tetraloop as a formidable force-field challenge for MD simulations

Explicit solvent atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations represent an established technique to study structural dynamics of RNA molecules and an important complement for diverse experimental methods. However, performance of molecular mechanical (MM) force fields (ffs) remains far from satisfactory even after decades of development, as apparent from a problematic structural description of some important RNA motifs. Actually, some of the smallest RNA molecules belong to the most challenging systems for MD simulations and, among them, the UNCG tetraloop is saliently difficult. We report a detailed analysis of UNCG MD simulations, depicting the sequence of events leading to the loss of the UNCG native state during MD simulations. We identify molecular interactions, backbone conformations and substates that are involved in the process. The total amount of MD simulation data analyzed in this work is close to 1.3 millisecond. Then, we unravel specific ff deficiencies using diverse quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) and QM calculations. Comparison between the MM and QM methods shows discrepancies in the description of the 5-flanking phosphate moiety and both signature sugar-base interactions. Our work indicates that poor behavior of the UNCG tetraloop in simulations is a complex issue that cannot be attributed to one dominant and straightforwardly correctable factor. Instead, there is a concerted effect of multiple ff inaccuracies that are coupled and amplifying each other. We attempted to improve the simulation behavior by some carefully-tailored interventions but the results are still far from satisfactory, underlying the difficulties in development of accurate nucleic acids ffs.

biophysics↗