Ploplis, V. | bioRxiv Science

bioRxiv2024

The catheterized bladder environment induces dysregulation of macrophage polarization exacerbating bacterial UTI

Urinary catheterization causes bladder damage, predisposing hosts to catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). CAUTI pathogenesis is mediated by bladder damage-induced inflammation, resulting in accumulation and deposition of the blood-clotting protein fibrinogen (Fg) and its matrix form fibrin, which are exploited by uropathogens as biofilm platforms to establish infection. Catheter-induced inflammation also results in robust immune cell recruitment, including macrophages (M{phi}s). A fundamental knowledge gap is understanding the mechanisms by which the catheterized-bladder environment suppresses the M{phi} antimicrobial response, allowing uropathogen persistence. Here, we found that Fg and fibrin differentially modulate M1 and M2 M{phi} polarization, respectively. We unveiled that fibrin accumulation in catheterized mice induced an anti-inflammatory M2-like M{phi} phenotype, correlating with pathogen persistence. Even GM-CSF treatment of wildtype mice to promote M1 polarization was not sufficient to reduce bacterial burden and dissemination, indicating that the catheterized-bladder environment provides mixed signals, dysregulating M{phi} polarization, hindering its antimicrobial response against uropathogens.

immunology↗

bioRxiv2021

Evolution of Gram+ Streptococcus pyogenes has maximized efficiency of the Sortase A cleavage site

Human plasminogen (hPg)-binding M-protein (PAM), a major virulence factor of Pattern D Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS), is the primary receptor responsible for binding and activating hPg. PAM is covalently bound to the cell wall (CW) through cell membrane (CM)-resident sortase A (SrtA)-catalyzed cleavage of the PAM-proximal C-terminal LPST{downarrow}-GEAA motif present immediately upstream of its transmembrane domain (TMD), and subsequent transpeptidation to the CW. These steps expose the N-terminus of PAM to the extracellular milieu (EM) to interact with PAM ligands, e.g., hPg. Previously, we found that inactivation of SrtA showed little reduction in functional binding of PAM to hPg, indicating that PAM retained in the cell membrane (CM) by the TMD nonetheless exposed its N-terminus to the EM. In the current study, we assessed the effects of mutating the Thr4 (P1) residue of the SrtA-cleavage site in PAM (Thr355 in PAM) to delay PAM in the CM in the presence of SrtA. Using rSrtA in vitro, LPSYGEAA and LPSWGEAA peptides were shown to have low activities, while LPSTGEAA had the highest activity. Isolated CM fractions of AP53/{Delta}SrtA cells showed that LPSYGEAA and LPSWGEAA peptides were cleaved at substantially faster rates than LPSTGEAA, even in CMs with an AP53/{Delta}SrtA/PAM[T355Y] double mutation, but the transpeptidation step did not occur. These results implicate another CM-resident enzyme that cleaves LPSYGEAA and LPSWGEAA motifs, most likely LPXTGase, but cannot catalyze the transpeptidation step. We conclude that the natural P1 (Thr) of the SrtA cleavage site has evolved to dampen PAM from nonfunctional cleavage by LPXTGase. IMPORTANCEWe show in this study that functional cleavage of the sortase A (SrtA) cleavage signal for M-protein, LPST*GEAA, in the Gram+ cell membrane, which allows transpeptidation of M-protein to the cell wall, as opposed to non-functional cleavage by the highly active cell membrane nonribosomal enzyme, LPXTGase, at the downstream G-residue, is highly dependent on the presence of T at position 4. From our studies, we conclude that Streptococcus pyogenes has evolved in a manner that maximized T at this position so that SrtA preferentially cleaved the sorting signal in order that the virulence factor, M-protein, was stabilized on the cell surface through covalent attachment to the cell wall.

microbiology↗