Reprogramming of host energy metabolism mediated by the TNF-iNOS-HIF-1alpha axis plays a key role in host resistance to Plasmodium infection
TNF has a dual effect in Plasmodium infection, bolstering the hosts immune defense while also inducing sickness behavior. Here, we confirm that TNF signaling hampers physical activity, food intake, and energy expenditure while enhancing glucose uptake by the liver and spleen as well as controlling parasitemia in P. chabaudi (Pc)-infected mice. We also report that TNF is required for expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), stabilization of HIF-1, expression of glucose transporter GLUT1 and enhanced glycolysis in monocytic cells from Pc-infected mice. Importantly, Pc-infected iNOS-/-, TNFR{Delta}Lyz2 and HIF-1{Delta}Lyz2 mice show impaired release of TNF and glycolysis in monocytes, along with increased parasitemia and disease tolerance. Altogether, our results indicate that TNF-iNOS-HIF-1-induced glycolysis in monocytes plays a critical role in host defense and sickness behavior in Pc-infected mice. TeaseThe role of host energy metabolism and glycolysis in monocytes as determinant of host resistance to Plasmodium infection and tolerance to disease.