A Tonic Signaling Code Predicts CAR-T Cell Efficacy in Diffuse Midline Glioma
Diffuse midline glioma (DIPG/DMG) is a uniformly fatal pediatric brain tumor with no effective cure. Although CAR T-cell therapy shows promise, clinical outcomes remain inconsistent due to limited persistence and premature exhaustion. Reliable predictive biomarkers are lacking, and proposed exhaustion or stemness markers provide limited utility. Here, we systematically compare multiple CAR-T constructs targeting clinically-relevant antigen B7-H3 and identify antigen-independent CAR activation, or tonic signaling, as a key determinant of therapeutic performance. We find that B7-H3 CAR-T cells with restrained tonic signaling display superior tumor killing, persistence, and resistance to exhaustion, along with reduced CAR membrane clustering, in patient-derived DIPG models. Integrated multi-omics and single-cell profiling further reveal a CAR-T tonic signaling-associated gene signature that outperforms conventional exhaustion or stemness markers in predicting therapeutic efficacy across multiple clinical trials, including DIPG and other tumor types. Together, these findings define a mechanistic and predictive framework to guide CAR design and improve clinical outcomes.