Biology subjects

Phillips, W. A.

Publications and source records attributed to Phillips, W. A..

10 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

Mapping Functional Tumor Suppressor Networks in Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Using In Vivo CRISPR Screening and Perturb-sequencing

Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is a genetically heterogeneous malignancy with few recurrent drivers, limiting effective targeted therapies. Although EAC arises from Barretts esophagus (BE), mechanisms driving progression from this premalignant state to invasive cancer remain unclear. We combined pooled CRISPR-Cas9 loss-of-function screening, in vivo tumorigenicity assays, and Perturb-seq profiling to define functional drivers of BE transformation. We identified 37 tumor suppressors whose loss promotes progression to EAC, defining a functional landscape of tumor initiation. Despite genetic diversity, these losses converged on four transcriptional programs involving metabolic reprogramming, cell cycle progression, RNA processing, and cellular motility. Furthermore, we identify loss of NIPBL, TGFBR2, and RPL22 as key mediators of resistance to platinum- and taxane-based chemotherapy. Collectively, these findings provide a unifying framework for genomic heterogeneity in EAC, uncover underappreciated tumor suppressor pathways, and establish a resource to guide mechanistic and translational studies aimed at improving treatment strategies in this aggressive cancer.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2026

SMAD4 loss drives chromosomal instability during tumourigenesis via translational reprogramming

Chromosomal instability (CIN), arising from errors in chromosome segregation during cell division, is a hallmark of cancer. Whilst CIN can result from several mitotic defects, the mechanisms that initiate CIN to drive tumourigenesis remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that loss of SMAD4 reprograms translation to induce CIN, resulting in tumour formation. Multi-omics analysis of tumourigenesis models driven by loss of SMAD4 complemented by functional studies demonstrate that loss of SMAD4 in pre-neoplastic cells leads to dysfunctional mitosis and an altered global translation landscape. We show that CDK11B is translationally downregulated in SMAD4-\- cells, and re-expression of the mitosis-specific isoform of this protein (CDK11B-p58) rescues the mitotic defects. Analysis of patient tumours reveals a strong correlation between markers of CIN and SMAD4 status, indicating the clinical relevance of this phenotype. Collectively, we reveal a previously unrecognised role for SMAD4 as a gatekeeper for CIN-mediated tumourigenesis via regulation of translation.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2025

Control of two-pathway signal integration in a model neocortical pyramidal cell

We demonstrate how neuromodulation and spatially targetted inhibition can alter the integration of the two streams of excitatory input in a thick-tufted layer 5 pyramidal cell, using a computational reduced-compartmental cell models. Choosing suitable ranges of brief current stimulus amplitudes, applied basally to either the soma or basal dendrites (basal stimulation) and to the apical tuft (apical stimulation) results in burst firing due to either stimulus alone, if strong enough, or by a combination of the stimuli at lower amplitudes. Applying tonic inhibition to the apical tuft removes the ability of apical input alone to generate a burst over the chosen amplitude range. A similar effect is achieved by reducing the tuft calcium channel conductance as an outcome of neuromodulation. Similarly, tonic inhibition to the basal dendrites removes the ability of basal stimulation alone to generate a burst, without blocking bursts resulting from apical calcium spikes. HCN channels in the apical dendrites may amplify or reduce bursting probability, depending on other active and passive properties of dendrites. So neuromodulation that decreases the conductance of these channels may act to reduce or increase bursting probability across the across the ranges of basal and apical inputs, depending on cell properties. These effects mimic those found previously by simply limiting the range of stimulus amplitudes (Graham et al., 2025) but now show that such changes in two-stream signal integration can happen through network inhibition and neuromodulation with no change in the excitatory driving stimulus strengths. These changes in signal integration also lead to changes in information transmitted by the cells bursting probability about the two input streams, as shown in Graham et al. (2025). Changes in cell morphology are also investigated by reducing the apical trunk length and are revealed to alter this two-stream signal integration through differential effects on passive and active interaction between the soma and apical tuft.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2024

Targeting of a STING Agonist to Perivascular Macrophages in Prostate Tumors Delays Resistance to Androgen Deprivation Therapy

BackgroundAndrogen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a frontline treatment for prostate cancer but often leads to the development of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). This causes tumors to regrow and metastasize, despite ongoing treatment, and impacts negatively on patient survival. ADT is known to stimulate the accumulation of immunosuppressive cells like protumoral tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells in prostate tumors, as well as hypofunctional T cells. Protumoral TAMs have been shown to accumulate around tumor blood vessels during chemotherapy and radiotherapy, where they drive tumor relapse. Our aim was to see if such perivascular (PV) TAMs accumulated in ADT-treated prostate tumors prior to CRPC, and, if so, to selectively target these PV cells with a potent immunostimulant, interferon beta (IFN{beta}), an attempt to stimulate anti-tumor immunity and delay CRPC. MethodsWe first used quantitative, multiplex immunofluorescence to assess the effects of ADT on distribution and activation status of TAMs, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and NK cells in mouse and human prostate tumors. We then used antibody-coated, lipid nanoparticles to selectively target a STING agonist, 2'3'-cGAMP (cGAMP), to PV TAMs in mouse prostate tumors during ADT. ResultsTAMs accumulated at high density around blood vessels in ADT-treated primary mouse and human prostate tumors prior to CRPC, where they expressed markers of a protumoral phenotype, folate receptor beta (FR{beta}), MRC1 (CD206), SIGLEC1 (CD169) and VISTA. Additionally, higher numbers of inactive (PD-1-) CD8+ T cells and reduced numbers of active (CD69+) NK cells were also present in PV tumor areas after ADT. LNPs coated with antibody to FR{beta} selectively delivered cGAMP to PV TAMs in ADT-treated tumors where they activated STING and expression of IFN{beta} by these cells. This resulted in a marked increase in the density of active CD4+ T cells, CD8+T cells and NK cells in PV tumor areas, and significantly delayed in the onset of CRPC. ConclusionTogether, our data indicate that targeting a STING agonist to PV TAMs could be used to extend the treatment window for ADT in prostate cancer. KEY MESSAGESO_ST_ABSWhat is already known about the topicC_ST_ABSAndrogen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a frontline treatment for prostate cancer. However, tumors often develop resistance and start to regrow and metastasize - a condition called castration resistance prostate cancer (CRPC). Prostate cancer is considered to be an immunologically cold tumor type and while ADT stimulates tumor infiltration by cytotoxic (CD8+) T cells, they are largely hypofunctional, possibly due to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. What this study addsThis study is the first to demonstrate that FR{beta}+ macrophages with a immunosuppressive phenotype accumulate around blood vessels in mouse and human prostate tumors during ADT, prior to the onset of CRPC. Lipid nanoparticles coated with an antibody to FR{beta}+ were then used to deliver a STING agonist selectively to these perivascular (PV) cells during ADT. This triggered STING signalling and the release of the potent immunostimulant, interferon beta, by PV macrophages, which then activated tumour-infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and delayed the onset of CRPC. How this study might affect research, practice or policyThe delivery of an immunostimulant specifically to PV regions of tumors represents a new, more targeted form of immunotherapy that ensures the activation of T cells as soon as they cross the vasculature into tumors. This new approach could be used to extend the treatment window for neoadjuvant ADT in men with localised prostate tumors. In doing so, it would delay/circumvent the need for additional treatments like radiotherapy and/or or prostatectomy.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2024

Transfer functions for burst firing probability in a model neocortical pyramidal cell

Neocortical layer 5 thick-tufted pyramidal cells are prone to exhibiting burst firing on receipt of coincident basal and apical dendritic inputs. These inputs carry different information, with basal inputs coming from feedforward sensory pathways and apical inputs coming from diverse sources that provide context in the cortical hierarchy. We explore the information processing possibilities of this burst firing using computer simulations of a noisy compartmental cell model. Simulated data on stochastic burst firing due to brief, simultaneously injected basal and apical currents allows estimation of burst firing probability for different stimulus current amplitudes. Information-theory-based partial information decomposition (PID) is used to quantify the contributions of the apical and basal input streams to the information in the cell output bursting probability. Four different operating regimes are apparent, depending on the relative strengths of the input streams, with output burst probability carrying more or less information that is uniquely contributed by either the basal or apical input, or shared and synergistic information due to the combined streams. We derive and fit transfer functions for these different regimes that describe burst probability over the different ranges of basal and apical input amplitudes. The operating regimes can be classified into distinct modes of information processing, depending on the contribution of apical input to out-put bursting: apical cooperation, in which both basal and apical inputs are required to generate a burst; apical amplification, in which basal input alone can generate a burst but the burst probability is modulated by apical input; apical drive, in which apical input alone can produce a burst; and apical integration, in which strong apical or basal inputs alone, as well as their combination, can generate bursting. In particular, PID and the transfer function clarify that the apical amplification mode has the features required for contextually-modulated information processing.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2023

Caspase-2 protects against ferroptotic cell death

Caspase-2, one of the most evolutionarily conserved member of the caspase family, is an important regulator of the cellular response to oxidative stress. Given that ferroptosis is suppressed by antioxidant defense pathways, such as that involving selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), we hypothesised that caspase-2 may play a role in regulating ferroptosis. This study provides the first demonstration of an important and unprecedented function of caspase-2 in protecting cancer cells from undergoing ferroptotic cell death. Specifically, we show that depletion of caspase-2 leads to downregulation of stress response genes including SESN2, HMOX1, SLC7A11 and sensitises mutant-p53 cancer cells to cell death induced by various ferroptosis inducing compounds. Importantly, the canonical catalytic activity of caspase-2 is not required for its role and suggests that caspase-2 regulates ferroptosis via non-proteolytic interaction with other proteins. Using an unbiased BioID proteomics screen, we identified novel caspase-2 interacting proteins (including heat shock proteins and co-chaperones) that regulate cellular responses to stress. Finally, we demonstrate that caspase-2 limits chaperone mediated autophagic degradation of GPX4 to promote survival of mutant-p53 cancer cells. In conclusion, we document a novel role for caspase-2 as a negative regulator of ferroptosis in cells with mutant-p53. Our results provide evidence for a novel function of caspase-2 functions in cell death regulation and open potential new avenues to exploit ferroptosis in cancer therapy.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2020

Genome-wide CRISPR screens reveal APR-246 (Eprenetapopt) triggers ferroptosis and inhibits iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis

The mechanisms by which cells respond and adapt to oxidative stress are largely unknown but are key to developing a rationale for cancer therapies that target antioxidant pathways. APR-246 is a mutant-p53 targeted therapeutic currently under clinical investigation in myeloid dysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia1. Whilst the mechanism of action of APR-246 is thought to be reactivation of wild-type p53 activity through covalent modification of cysteine residues in the core domain of mutant-p53 protein2,3, here we report that the anti-neoplastic capacity of APR-246 lies predominantly in the conjugation of free cysteine. Genome-wide CRISPR perturbation screening, metabolite profiling and proteomics in response to APR-246 treatment in mutant-p53 cancer cells highlighted the role of GSH and mitochondrial metabolism in determining APR-246 efficacy. APR-246 sensitivity was increased through loss of key enzymes in mitochondrial one-carbon metabolism, SHMT2 and MTHFD1L, due to diminished glycine supply for de novo GSH synthesis. Critically, we show that APR-246 induces iron-dependent, apoptotic machinery-independent cell death, ferroptosis. Whole-cell proteomics analyses indicated an upregulation of proteins involved in iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis (eg. FDX1). GSH, acetyl-CoA and NADH levels were also depleted in APR-246 treated cells. Importantly, we found that APR-246 inhibits iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis in the mitochondria of cancer cells through cysteine conjugation. This work not only details novel determinants of APR-246 activity in cancer cells, but also provides a clinical roadmap for targeting antioxidant pathways in tumours - beyond targeting mutant-p53 tumours. O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=104 SRC="FIGDIR/small/398867v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (16K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@11155f8org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1231cb7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@324881org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@136146f_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2020

SLC7A11 is a superior determinant of APR-246 (Eprenetapopt) response than TP53 mutation status

PurposeAPR-246 (Eprenetapopt) is in clinical development with a focus on haematological malignancies and is marketed as a mutant-p53 reactivation therapy. Currently, the detection of at least one TP53 mutation is an inclusion criterion for patient selection into most clinical trials. Preliminary results from our phase Ib/II clinical trial investigating APR-246 combined with combination chemotherapy (cisplatin and 5-Fluorouracil) in metastatic oesophageal cancer, together with previous pre-clinical studies, indicate that TP53 mutation status alone may not be a sufficient biomarker for response to APR-246. This study aimed to identify a robust biomarker for response to APR-246. MethodsCorrelation analysis of the PRIMA-1 activity (lead compound to APR-246) with mutational status, gene expression, protein expression and metabolite abundance across over 800 cancer cell lines was performed. Functional validation and a boutique siRNA screen of over 750 redox-related genes were also conducted. ResultsTP53 mutation status was not predictive of response to APR-246. The expression of SLC7A11, the cystine/glutamate transporter, was identified as a superior determinant of response to APR-246. Genetic regulators of SLC7A11, including ATF4, MDM2, wild-type p53 and c-Myc were confirmed to also regulate cancer cell sensitivity to APR-246. ConclusionsSLC7A11 expression is the major determinant of sensitivity to APR-246 and should be utilised as a predictive biomarker in future clinical investigation of APR-246.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2018

Serum glycoprotein biomarker validation for esophageal adenocarcinoma and application to Barrett’s surveillance

BACKGROUND & AIMSEsophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is thought to develop from asymptomatic Barretts esophagus (BE) with a low annual rate of conversion. Current endoscopy surveillance for BE patients is probably not cost-effective. Previously, we discovered serum glycoprotein biomarker candidates which could discriminate BE patients from EAC. Here, we aimed to validate candidate serum glycoprotein biomarkers in independent cohorts, and to develop a biomarker panel for BE surveillance.\n\nMETHODSSerum glycoprotein biomarker candidates were measured in 301 serum samples collected from Australia (4 states) and USA (1 clinic) using lectin magnetic bead array (LeMBA) coupled multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (MRM-MS). The area under receiver operating characteristic curve was calculated as a measure of discrimination, and multivariate recursive partitioning was used to formulate a multi-marker panel for BE surveillance.\n\nRESULTSDifferent glycoforms of complement C9 (C9), gelsolin (GSN), serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1 (PON1) and serum paraoxonase/lactonase 3 (PON3) were validated as diagnostic glycoprotein biomarker candidates for EAC across both cohorts. A panel of 10 serum glycoproteins accurately discriminated BE patients not requiring intervention [BE+/-low grade dysplasia] from those requiring intervention [BE with high grade dysplasia (BE-HGD) or EAC]. Tissue expression of C9 was found to be induced in BE, dysplastic BE and EAC. In longitudinal samples from subjects that have progressed towards EAC, levels of serum C9 glycoforms were increased with disease progression.\n\nCONCLUSIONSFurther prospective clinical validation of the confirmed biomarker candidates in a large cohort is warranted. A first-line BE surveillance blood test may be developed based on these findings.\n\nAbbreviations

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2017

PIK3CAH1047R-induced paradoxical ERK activation results in resistance to BRAFV600E specific inhibitors in BRAFV600E PIK3CAH1047R double mutant thyroid tumors.

Thyroid carcinomas are the most prevalent endocrine cancers. The BRAFV600E mutation is found in 40% of the papillary type and 25% of the anaplastic type. BRAFV600E inhibitors have shown great success in melanoma but, they have been, to date, less successful in thyroid cancer. About 50% of anaplastic thyroid carcinomas present mutations/amplification of the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase. Here we propose to investigate if the hyper activation of that pathway could influence the response to BRAFV600E specific inhibitors.\n\nTo test this, we used two mouse models of thyroid cancer. Single mutant (BRAFV600E) mice responded to BRAFV600E-specific inhibition (PLX-4720), while double mutant mice (BRAFV600E; PIK3CAH1047R) showed resistance and even signs of aggravation. This resistance was abrogated by combination with a phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor. At the molecular level, we could show that this resistance was concomitant to a paradoxical activation of the MAP-Kinase pathway, which could be overturned by phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibition in vivo in our mouse model and in vitro in human double mutant cell lines.\n\nIn conclusion, we reveal a phosphoinositide 3-kinase driven, paradoxical MAP-Kinase pathway activation as mechanism for resistance to BRAFV600E specific inhibitors in a clinically relevant mouse model of thyroid cancer.

cancer biology↗