A G2 Checkpoint Arrests Cryptococcus neoformans Cell Division in response to Hypoxia
Saturated cultures of the pathogenic yeast, Cryptococcus neoformans, arrest as unbudded cells in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. As cells divided and cultures saturated, we found that oxygen levels in the culture medium dropped nearly tenfold. When saturation-arrested cultures were re-oxygenated without adding fresh growth medium, cells immediately formed a bud and then underwent mitosis. Thus, the arrest is due to low oxygen concentration rather than nutrient depletion. Because the G2 arrest was associated with unbudded cells, we asked whether C. neoformans cells have a morphogenesis checkpoint that blocks mitosis until cells can form a bud. Inhibition of budding by treatment with Latrunculin A also led to G2 arrest, and we determined that this arrest is dependent on the CDK inhibitory kinase, Swe1. This finding suggests that C. neoformans possesses a morphogenesis checkpoint analogous to that in the distantly related Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We also demonstrated that Swe1 is required to enforce the hypoxia-induced G2 arrest. We propose that hypoxia inhibits budding in C. neoformans, which in turn triggers a morphogenesis checkpoint to arrest cells in G2 even when nutrients are plentiful.