The indoor environment - a potent source for intact human-associated anaerobes
BackgroundPeople in westernised countries spend most of their time indoors. A healthy human microbiome relies on the interaction with and exchange of microbes that takes place between the human body and its environment. For this reason, the built environment might represent a potent source of commensal microbes. Anaerobic microbes are of particular interest, as researchers have not yet sufficiently clarified how the human microbiome acquires oxygen-sensitive microbes, such as obligate or facultative anaerobes. MethodsWe sampled ten households and used propidium monoazide to assess the viability of the collected prokaryotes. We compared the microbiome profiles based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing and confirmed our results by genetic and cultivation-based analyses. ResultsQuantitative and qualitative analysis revealed that most of the microbial taxa are of human origin. Less than 25% of the prokaryotic signatures found in built environment (BE) samples originate from intact - and thus potentially living - cells, indicating that aerobic and stress resistant taxa display an apparent survival advantage. Although the dominant microbial fraction identified on the bathroom floors is composed of aerobes, we confirmed the presence of strictly anaerobic taxa, including methanogenic archaea, in PMA-treated samples. As methanogens are regarded as highly sensitive to aerobic conditions, oxygen-tolerance experiments were performed with human-associated isolates to validate their survival. These results show that these taxa have a limited but substantial ability to survive in the BE. We determined that human-associated methanogens can survive oxic conditions for at least 6 h. ConclusionsThis study enabled us to collect strong evidence that supports the hypothesis that obligate anaerobic taxa can survive in the BE for a limited amount of time. This suggests that the BE serves as a potential source of anaerobic human commensals.