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Patterson, D. A.

Publications and source records attributed to Patterson, D. A..

4 recordsLinked to original sources

Linking acoustic telemetry data to spatial covariates in river networks with spatially explicit capture-recapture models

O_LISpatially explicit capture-recapture (SECR) models extend classical capture-recapture models to include spatially-explicit animal locations and environmental covariates. SECR models have been widely employed in terrestrial studies to predict the population size and densities of animals assuming a closed population over a defined area. In this work, we extend and apply SECR models to a novel use-case that both uses a relative density formulation and accounts for biased tagging distributions to estimate parameters of habitat use from acoustic telemetry data in a branching river network. C_LIO_LIUsing SECR models, we predict how temperature distributions during the summer feeding season influenced how tagged Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) distributed themselves through the Parsnip watershed in northcentral British Columbia, Canada. We found that the relative density of tagged Arctic grayling peaked at water temperatures of 12.4 {degrees}C. In warm years, relative densities were constricted as parts of the watershed became unfavorably warm. In cool years, fish were distributed widely throughout the watershed. C_LIO_LIIn acoustic telemetry, only the tagged population is available for detection. We highlight several specific considerations and assumptions for using this approach: i.e. (a) activity centres are assumed to remain in the same location throughout the study period, thus the time window of the study should be selected accordingly (e.g., exclude migratory periods); (b) inferences from acoustic telemetry data depict relative (not absolute) densities; and (c) spatial tagging effort must be defined in the model to ensure that predictions are not merely an artefact of tagging effort across space and time. When applied following these assumptions, this method is broadly useful for ecologists as it presents a quantitative way to merge automated telemetry datasets with discrete habitat parameters that drive population distributions through time and are relevant to managers and conservation professionals. Further, this method can be applied to branching river networks in which topological challenges have hindered other statistical approaches. C_LI

ecology↗

Musculoskeletal fat imaging and quantification by high-resolution metabolite cycling magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging at 3 T: A fast method to generate separate distribution maps of lipid components

PurposeTo provide a rapid, non-invasive fat quantification technique capable of producing separate lipid component maps.\n\nMethodsThe calf muscles in 5 healthy adolescents (age 12-16 years; BMI = 20 {+/-} 3 Kg/m2) were scanned by two different fat fraction (FF) quantification methods. A high-resolution, density-weighted concentric ring trajectory (DW-CRT) metabolite cycling (MC) magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) technique was implemented to collect data with 0.25 mL resolution within 3 minutes and 16 seconds. For comparative purposes, the standard Dixon technique was performed. The two techniques were compared using structural similarity (SSIM) analysis. Additionally, the difference in the distribution of each lipid over the adolescent calf muscles was assessed based on the MRSI data.\n\nResultsThe proposed MRSI technique provided individual FF maps for eight musculoskeletal lipids identified by LCModel analysis (L09, L11, L13, L15, L21, L23, L53, and L55) with mean SSIM indices of 0.19, 0.04, 0.03, 0.50, 0.45, 0.04, 0.07, and 0.12, respectively compared to that of Dixons FF map. Further analysis of voxels with zero SSIM demonstrated an increased sensitivity of FF lipid maps from data acquired using this MRSI technique over the standard Dixon technique. The trend of lipid spatial distribution over calf muscles was consistent with previously published findings in adults.\n\nConclusionThe advantages of this MRSI technique make it a useful tool when individual lipid FF maps are desired within a short scanning time.

biochemistry↗

Salmonid gene expression biomarkers indicative of physiological responses to changes in salinity, temperature, but not dissolved oxygen

An organisms ability to respond effectively to environmental change is critical to their survival. Yet, life stage and overall condition can dictate tolerance thresholds to heightened environmental stressors, such that stress may not be equally felt across individuals within a species. Environmental changes can induce transcriptional responses in an organism, some of which reflect generalized responses, and others are highly specific to the type of change being experienced. Thus, if transcriptional biomarkers specific to a heightened environmental stressor, even under multi-stressor impacts, can be identified, the biomarkers could be then applied in natural environments to determine when and where individuals are experiencing such stressors. Here, we validate candidate gill gene expression biomarkers by experimentally challenging juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). A sophisticated experimental set-up (four trials) manipulated salinity (freshwater, brackish water, and seawater), temperature (10, 14, and 18{degrees}C), and dissolved oxygen (normoxia and hypoxia), in all 18 possible combinations, for up to six days during the pre-smolt, smolt, and de-smolt life stages. In addition, we also describe the changes in juvenile behaviour, plasma variables, gill Na+/K+- ATPase (NKA) activity, body size, body morphology, and skin pigmentation associated with salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, mortality, and smolt status. We statistically identified biomarkers specific to salinity and temperature treatments, as well as mortality across multiple stressors and life stages. Similar biomarkers for the dissolved oxygen treatment could not be identified in the data and we discuss our next steps using an RNA-seq study. This work demonstrates the unique power of gene expression biomarkers to identify a specific stressor even under multi-stressor conditions.

genomics↗

Discovery and validation of candidate smoltification gene expression biomarkers across multiple species and ecotypes of Pacific salmonids

Early marine survival of juvenile salmon is intimately associated with their physiological condition during ocean entry and especially smoltification. Smoltification is a developmental parr-smolt transformation allowing salmon to acquire the trait of seawater tolerance in preparation for marine living. Traditionally, this developmental process has been monitored using gill Na+/K+ATPase (NKA) activity or plasma hormones, but gill gene expression can be reliably used. Here, we describe the discovery of candidate genes from gill tissue for staging smoltification using comparisons of microarray studies with particular focus on the commonalities between anadromous Rainbow trout and Sockeye salmon datasets, as well as literature comparison encompassing more species. A subset of 37 candidate genes mainly from the microarray analyses was used for Taq-Man qPCR assay design and their monthly expression patterns were validated using gill samples from four groups, representing three species and two ecotypes: Coho salmon, Sockeye salmon, stream-type Chinook salmon, and ocean-type Chinook salmon. The best smoltification biomarkers, as measured by consistent changes across these four groups, were genes involved in ion regulation, oxygen transport, and immunity. Smoltification gene expression patterns (using the top 10 biomarkers) were confirmed by significant correlations with NKA activity and were associated with changes in body brightness, caudal fin darkness, and caudal peduncle length. We incorporate gene expression patterns of pre-smolt, smolt, and de-smolt trials from acute seawater transfers using a companion study to develop a preliminary seawater tolerance classification model for ocean-type Chinook salmon. This work demonstrates the potential of gene expression biomarkers to stage smoltification and classify juveniles as pre-smolt, smolt, or de-smolt.

genomics↗