Myofibril orientation as a metric for characterizing heart disease
Myocyte disarray is a hallmark of many cardiac disorders. However, the relationship between alterations in the orientation of individual myofibrils and myofilaments to disease progression has been largely underexplored. This oversight has predominantly been due to a paucity of methods for objective and quantitative analysis. Here we introduce a novel, less-biased approach to quantify myofibrillar and myofilament orientation in cardiac muscle under near physiological conditions and demonstrate its superiority as compared to conventional histological assessments. Using small-angle X-ray diffraction, we first investigated changes in myofibrillar orientation at increasing sarcomere lengths in permeabilized, relaxed, wildtype mouse myocardium by assessing the angular spread of the 1,0 equatorial reflection (angle {sigma}). At a sarcomere length (SL) of 1.9 m, the angle {sigma} was 0.23{+/-}0.01 rad, decreased to 0.19{+/-}0.01 rad at a SL of 2.1 m, and further decreased to 0.15{+/-}0.01 rad at a SL of 2.3 m (p<0.0001). Angle {sigma} was significantly larger in R403Q, a MYH7 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) model, porcine myocardium (0.24{+/-}0.01 rad) compared to WT myocardium (0.14{+/-}0.005 rad, p<0.0001) as well as in human heart failure tissue (0.19{+/-}0.006 rad) when compared to non-failing samples (0.17{+/-}0.007 rad, p=0.01). These data indicate that diseased myocardium suffers from greater myofibrillar disorientation compared to healthy controls. Finally, we showed that conventional, histology-based analysis of disarray can be subject to user bias and/or sampling error and lead to false positives. Our method for directly assessing myofibrillar orientation avoids the artifacts introduced by conventional histological approaches that assess myocyte orientation and only indirectly evaluate myofibrillar orientation, and provides a precise and objective metric for phenotypically characterizing myocardium. The ability to obtain excellent X-ray diffraction patterns from frozen human myocardium provides a new tool for investigating structural anomalies associated with cardiac diseases. Statement of SignificanceWe introduce a precise and quantitative approach to directly measure myofibrillar and myofilament orientation in cardiac muscle under near physiological conditions as a novel tool for phenotypically characterizing striated muscle systems. We use this technique to demonstrate that myocardium from disease model organisms and failing human myocardium suffers from greater myofibrillar disorientation compared to healthy controls. We also demonstrate that excellent diffraction patterns can be obtained from frozen and thawed human myocardium. Given the ready availability of frozen human heart tissue in tissue banks, this capability opens up a large space of potential experiments relating sarcomere structure to dysfunction in cardiac disorders.