Biology subjects

Otto, R.

Publications and source records attributed to Otto, R..

3 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

Facing pain is effortful: key role of the supplementary motor area and anterior midcingulate cortex

Pain captures attention and interferes with executive and motor processes. In the presence of pain, increasing effort may represent a compensatory mechanism to counteract pain-related disruption and maintain task performance. In this preregistered fMRI study, we investigated neural mechanisms underlying preserved task performance during pain and increased perceived effort. Forty right-handed participants performed a visuomotor force-matching task consisting of isometric handgrip contractions at a low and high force levels under individually calibrated painful or non-painful thermal stimulation. Thermal stimulation was applied to the left forearm, and participants rated the intensity of perceived effort after each isometric contraction. Maintaining task performance under pain was associated with increased perceived effort and recruited brain regions involved in pain modulation and cognitive control. Region-of-interest analysis showed perceived effort was consistently linked to decreased anterior midcingulate cortex activity, whereas supplementary motor area contributions varied depending on its role in motor execution or pain processing. Across experimental condition, motor, pain-modulatory and cognitive-control regions were associated with effort perception. Independently of condition, effort perception was modulated by ventromedial prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum. These findings indicate that effort perception is a complex phenomenon reflecting brain activity within areas involved in motor, executive and valuation processes. Significance StatementThis study advances our understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying task performance under pain and increased effort perception. Brain activity was measured during a visuomotor force-matching task performed in the presence or absence of pain. By contrasting task-related activity between painful and non-painful conditions, we identified regions associated with cognitive control and pain modulation involved in preserving task performance under pain. By correlating activity in regions of interest with ratings of perceived effort, we demonstrated the involvement of the supplementary motor area and midcingulate cortex in effort perception. These findings suggest that additional neural resources are recruited to maintain performance during pain and that the supplementary motor area and midcingulate cortex contribute to heightening the effort experienced.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2022

Assembly of functional diversity in an oceanic island flora

Oceanic island floras are well-known for their morphological peculiarities and exhibit striking examples of trait evolution1,2. These morphological shifts are commonly attributed to insularity and thought to be shaped by biogeographical processes and evolutionary histories of oceanic islands1,3. However, the mechanisms through which biogeography and evolution have shaped the distribution and diversity of plant functional traits remain unclear. Here, we describe the functional trait space of an oceanic island flora (Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain) using extensive field and laboratory measurements, and relate it to global trade-offs in ecological strategies. We find that the island trait space is concentrated around a functional hotspot dominated by shrubs with a conservative life-history strategy. By dividing the island flora into species groups with distinct biogeographical distributions and diversification histories, our results reveal that long-distance dispersal, and the interplay between inter-island dispersal and archipelago-level speciation processes drive functional divergence and expand trait space. Conversely, speciation via cladogenesis has overall led to functional convergence, densely packing trait space around shrubbiness. Our approach combines ecology, biogeography and evolution and opens avenues for new trait-based insights into how dispersal and speciation shape the assembly of native island floras.

ecology↗

bioRxiv2020

Deep learning and automated Cell Painting reveal Parkinson's disease-specific signatures in primary patient fibroblasts

Drug discovery for diseases such as Parkinsons disease are impeded by the lack of screenable cellular phenotypes. We present an unbiased phenotypic profiling platform that combines automated cell culture, high-content imaging, Cell Painting, and deep learning. We applied this platform to primary fibroblasts from 91 Parkinsons disease patients and matched healthy controls, creating the largest publicly available Cell Painting image dataset to date at 48 terabytes. We use fixed weights from a convolutional deep neural network trained on ImageNet to generate deep embeddings from each image and train machine learning models to detect morphological disease phenotypes. Our platforms robustness and sensitivity allow the detection of individual-specific variation with high fidelity across batches and plate layouts. Lastly, our models confidently separate LRRK2 and sporadic Parkinsons disease lines from healthy controls (receiver operating characteristic area under curve 0.79 (0.08 standard deviation)), supporting the capacity of this platform for complex disease modeling and drug screening applications.

cell biology↗