Biology subjects

Nyine, M.

Publications and source records attributed to Nyine, M..

5 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2025

Pathogenic and genetic diversity of Sclerotium rolfsii, the causal agent of Southern blight of common bean in Uganda

Sclerotium rolfsi Sacc. is a soil born fungus that causes southern blight to many crops in the tropical and subtropical regions. In 2018, Southern blight was reported to be the most prevalent bean root rot in Uganda. Earlier studies ascertained the morphological and pathogenic diversity of S. rolfsii, but limited understanding of its genetic diversity exists. Knowledge of S. rolfsii genetic diversity is a critical resource in the development of common bean varieties with durable resistance to the pathogen. A total of 188 S. rolfsii strains were collected from seven agro-ecological zones of Uganda in 2013, 2020 and 2021, and characterized for pathogenecity, growth rate, the number and colour of sclerotia produced and colony texture. The genetic diversity of the 188 strains was assessed using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) obtained from whole genome sequencing. The growth rate of the strains ranged between 1.1 to 3.6 cm/day while the number of sclerotia produced ranged between 0 to 543 per strain. The strains had fluffy, fibrous and compact colony texture. The sclerotia were either brown or dark brown. The analyzed strains were pathogenic on common bean and caused a disease severity indices between 10.1% and 93.3%. Average polymorphic information content across all chromosomes was 0.322 with a minimum of 0.145 and maximum of 0.525. Average observed heterozygosity across all the chromosomes was 0.782. Population structure analysis identified five genetically distinct groups. The results of analysis of molecular variance revealed that 0.39% of the variation was between population while 11.98% was between samples within population and 87.62% between samples across populations. The average genetic distances between the isolates from different agro-ecological zones was 0.038 while the average similarity coefficient was 0.968 There were significant differences in the morphological traits and pathogenicity across the different genetic clusters. This high levels of genetic diversity within strains needs to be taken into consideration while selecting strains for screening breeding lines. Key word: Pathogenicity, genetic diversity, Characterisation, Southern blight, common bean

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2024

Ecogeographic signals of local adaptation in a wild relative help to identify variants associated with improved wheat performance under drought stress

Prioritizing wild relative diversity for improving crop adaptation to emerging drought-prone environments is challenging. Here, we combined the genome-wide environmental scans (GWES) in wheat diploid ancestor Aegilops tauschii with allele testing in the genetic backgrounds of adapted cultivars to identify new diversity for improving wheat adaptation to water-limiting conditions. Evaluation of adaptive allele effects was carried out in Ae. tauschii-wheat introgression lines (ILs) phenotyped for multiple agronomic traits under irrigated and water-limiting conditions using both UAS-based imaging and conventional approaches. The GWES showed that climatic gradients alone explain most (57.8%) of genomic variation in Ae. tauschii, with many alleles associated with climatic factors in Ae. tauschii being linked with improved performance of ILs under water-limiting conditions. The most significant GWES SNP located on chromosome 4D and associated with temperature annual range was linked with reduced canopy temperature in ILs. Our results suggest that (i) introgression of climate-adaptive alleles from Ae. tauschii have potential to improve wheat performance under water-limiting conditions, (ii) variants controlling physiological processes responsible for maintaining leaf temperature are likely among the targets of adaptive selection in a wild relative, and (iii) adaptive variation uncovered by GWES in wild relatives has potential to improve climate resilience of crop varieties.

genetics↗

bioRxiv2021

Development of the Wheat Practical Haplotype Graph Database as a Resource for Genotyping Data Storage and Genotype Imputation

To improve the efficiency of high-density genotype data storage and imputation in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), we applied the Practical Haplotype Graph (PHG) tool. The wheat PHG database was built using whole-exome capture sequencing data from a diverse set of 65 wheat accessions. Population haplotypes were inferred for the reference genome intervals defined by the boundaries of the high-quality gene models. Missing genotypes in the inference panels, composed of wheat cultivars or recombinant inbred lines genotyped by exome capture, genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), or whole-genome skim-seq sequencing approaches, were imputed using the wheat PHG database. Though imputation accuracy varied depending on the method of sequencing and coverage depth, we found 93% imputation accuracy with 0.01x sequence coverage, which was only slightly lower than the accuracy obtained using the 0.5x sequence coverage (96.9%). Compared to Beagle, on average, PHG imputation was ~4% (p-value = 0.00027) more accurate, and showed 27% higher accuracy at imputing a rare haplotype introgressed from a wild relative into wheat. The reduced accuracy of imputation with GBS data (90.4%) is likely associated with the small overlap between GBS markers and the exome capture dataset, which was used for constructing PHG. The highest imputation accuracy was obtained with exome capture for the wheat D genome, which also showed the highest levels of linkage disequlibrium and proportion of identity-by-descent regions among accessions in our reference panel. We demonstrate that genetic mapping based on genotypes imputed using PHG identifies SNPs with a broader range of effect sizes that together explain a higher proportion of genetic variance for heading date and meiotic crossover rate compared to previous studies.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2021

The haplotype-based analysis of Aegilops tauschii introgression into hard red winter wheat and its impact on productivity traits

Introgression from wild relatives have a great potential to broaden beneficial allelic diversity available for crop improvement in breeding programs. Here, we assessed the impact of introgression from 21 diverse accessions of Aegilops tauschii, the diploid ancestor of the wheat D genome, into six hard red winter wheat cultivars on yield and yield component traits. We used 5.2 million imputed D genome SNPs identified by whole-genome sequencing of parental lines and the sequence-based genotyping of introgression population including 351 BC1F3:5 lines. Phenotyping data collected from the irrigated and non-irrigated field trials revealed that up to 23% of the introgression lines produce more grain than the parents and check cultivars. Based on sixteen yield stability statistics, the yield of twelve introgression lines (3.4%) was stable across treatments, years and locations; five of these lines were also high yielding, producing 9.8% more grain than the average yield of check cultivars. The most significant SNP-trait and haplotype-trait associations were identified on chromosome arms 2DS and 6DL for spikelet number per spike (SNS), on chromosome arms 2DS, 3DS, 5DS and 7DS for grain length and on chromosome arms 1DL, 2DS, 6DL and 7DS for grain width. Introgression of haplotypes from Ae. tauschii parents was associated with increase in SNS, which positively correlated with heading date, whereas haplotypes from hexaploid wheat parents were associated with increased grain width. We show that haplotypes on 2DS associated with increased spikelet number and heading date are linked with multiple introgressed alleles of Ppd-D1 identified by the whole-genome sequencing of the Ae. tauschii parents. While some introgressed haplotypes exhibited significant pleiotropic effects with the direction of effects on the yield component traits being largely consistent with the previously reported trade-offs, there were haplotype combinations associated with the positive trends in yield. The characterized repertoire of the introgressed haplotypes derived from Ae. tauschii accessions with the combined positive effects on yield and yield components traits in elite germplasm provides a valuable source of alleles for improving the productivity of winter wheat by optimizing the contribution of component traits to yield.

genetics↗

bioRxiv2019

Understanding the introgression process from Aegilops tauschii into hexaploid wheat through identity by descent analysis and its effect on genetic diversity

Introgression from wild relatives is a valuable source of novel allelic diversity for breeding. We investigated the genomic patterns of introgression from Aegilops tauschii, the diploid ancestor of the wheat D genome, into winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars. The population of 351 BC1F3:5 lines was selected based on phenology from crosses between six hexaploid wheat lines and 21 wheat-Ae. tauschii octoploids. SNP markers developed for this population and a diverse panel of 116 Ae. tauschii accessions by complexity-reduced genome sequencing were used to detect introgression based on the identity-by-descent analysis. Overall, introgression frequency positively correlated with recombination rate, with a high incidence of introgression at the ends of chromosomes and low in the pericentromeric regions, and was negatively related to sequence divergence between the parental genomes. Reduced introgression in the pericentromeric low-recombining regions spans nearly 2/3 of each chromosome arm, suggestive of the polygenic nature of introgression barriers that could be associated with multilocus negative epistasis between the alleles of wild and cultivated wheat. On the contrary, negative selection against the wild allele of Tg, controlling free-threshing trait and located in the high-recombining chromosomal region, led to reduced introgression only within [~]10 Mbp region around Tg. These results are consistent with the effect of selection on linked variation described by the Hill-Robertson effect, and offer insights into the introgression population development for crop imrpovement to ensure retention of introgressed diversity across entire genome.

genetics↗