Defect-Engineered Metal-Organic Frameworks as Nanocarriers for Pharmacotherapy: Insights into Intracellular Dynamics at The Single Particle Level
NanoMOFs are widely implemented in a host of assays involving drug delivery, biosensing catalysis, and bioimaging. Despite their wide use, the cell entry pathways and cell fate remain poorly understood. Here we have synthesized a new fluorescent nanoMOF integrating ATTO 655 into surface defects of colloidal nano UiO-66 that allowed us to track the spatiotemporal localization of Single nanoMOF in live cells. Density Functional Theory(DFT) reveals the stronger binding of ATTO 655 to the uncoordinated saturated Zr6 cluster nodes compared with phosphate and Alendronate Sodium (AL). Parallelized tracking of the spatiotemporal localization of tens of thousands of nanoMOFs and analysis using machine learning platforms revealed whether nanoMOFs remain outside as well as their cellular internalization pathways. To quantitatively assess their colocalization with endo/lysosomal compartments, we developed a colocalization proxy approach relying on the nanoMOF detection of particles in one channel to the signal in the corresponding endo/lysosomal compartments channel, considering signal vs local background intensity ratio (S/B) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This strategy effectively mitigates the potential inflation of colocalization values arising from the heightened expression of signals originating from endo/lysosomal compartments, it also overcomes limitations of low SNRs in the endo/lysosomal compartments marker channel, which incapacitates any trajectory-trajectory colocalization assessment. The results accurately measure the amount of nanoMOFs colocalization in real-time from early (EE) to late endosomes(LE) and lysosomes(LY) and emphasize the importance of understanding their intracellular dynamics based on single-particle tracking (SPT) for optimal and safe drug delivery.