Biology subjects

Namitz, K. E. W.

Publications and source records attributed to Namitz, K. E. W..

4 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2025

Interactions between the picornavirus 3C(D) main protease and RNA induce liquid-liquid phase separation

The picornavirus 3CD protein is a precursor to the 3C main protease and the 3D RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. In addition to its functions in proteolytic processing of the virus polyprotein and cleavage of key host factors, the 3C domain interacts with cis-acting replication elements (CREs) within the viral genome to regulate replication and translation events. We investigated the molecular determinants of RNA binding to 3C using a wide range of biophysical and computational methods. These studies showed that 3C binds to a broad spectrum of RNA oligonucleotides, displaying minimal dependence on RNA sequence and structure. However, they also uncovered a novel aspect of these interactions, that is, 3C-RNA binding can induce liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), with 3CD-RNA interactions likewise leading to LLPS. This may be a general phenomenon for other 3C and 3C-like proteases, and polyprotein incorporating 3C domains. These findings have potential implications in understanding virally induced apoptosis and controlling stress granules, which involve LLPS and include other proteins with known interactions with 3C/3CD. O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=72 SRC="FIGDIR/small/648818v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (28K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16bbd2corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@50a2cborg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1efc3beorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1beff0_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2024

Characterization of Recombinant Human Lactoferrin Expressed in Komagataella Phaffii

We performed a thorough analysis and characterization of multiple batches of Helaina recombinant human lactoferrin (rhLF, Effera) expressed at an industrial scale in a yeast system. Bottom-up LC-MS/MS-based proteomics analysis detected the full sequence of Helaina rhLF protein and confirmed that its amino acid sequence is identical to that of native human LF (Uniprot i.d. P02788). Helaina rhLF had a protein purity of 98% or higher as determined by three orthogonal methods; reversed-phase HPLC, SDS-PAGE, and LC-MS proteomics analysis. N-linked glycans were detected at three known glycosylation sites, namely, Asparagines-156, -497, and -642. The identified N-glycans of Helaina rhLF were predominantly oligomannose structures with five to nine mannoses (M5-M9), which we also report to be present in both the native human and bovine LF. human milk LF (hmLF) possessed lower levels of oligomannose structures and were mainly M5 and M6. Helaina rhLF protein secondary structure was nearly identical to that of hmLF, as revealed by microfluidic modulation spectroscopy. Results of small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and analytical ultracentrifugation analyses confirmed that, like hmLF, Helaina rhLF displayed well-folded globular structures in solution. Reconstructed solvent envelopes of Helaina rhLF, obtained through the SAXS analysis, demonstrated a remarkable fit with the reported crystalline structure of iron-bound native hmLF. Differential scanning calorimetry investigations into the thermal stability of Helaina rhLF revealed two distinct denaturation temperatures at 68.7{+/-}0.9 {degrees}C and 91.9{+/-}0.5 {degrees}C, consistently mirroring denaturation temperatures observed for apo-and holo-hmLF. Overall, the characterization analysis results affirmed that Helaina rhLF was of high purity and exhibited globular structures closely akin to that of hmLF.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2022

An acetylation-mediated chromatin switch governs H3K4 methylation read-write capability

In nucleosomes, histone N-terminal tails exist in dynamic equilibrium between free/accessible and collapsed/DNA-bound states. The latter state is expected to impact histone N-termini availability to the epigenetic machinery. Notably, H3 tail acetylation (e.g., K9ac, K14ac, K18ac) is linked to increased H3K4me3 engagement by the BPTF PHD finger, but it is unknown if this mechanism has broader extension. Here we show that H3 tail acetylation promotes nucleosomal accessibility to other H3K4 methyl readers, and importantly, extends to H3K4 writers, notably methyltransferase MLL1. This regulation is not observed on peptide substrates yet occurs on the cis H3 tail, as determined with fully-defined heterotypic nucleosomes. In vivo, H3 tail acetylation is directly and dynamically coupled with cis H3K4 methylation levels. Together, these observations reveal an acetylation chromatin switch on the H3 tail that modulates read-write accessibility in nucleosomes and resolve the long-standing question of why H3K4me3 levels are coupled with H3 acetylation.

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2019

Hierarchical assembly of the MLL1 core complex within a biomolecular condensate regulates H3K4 methylation

The enzymes that regulate histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methylation are required for cellular differentiation and development and are often mutated in human disease. Mixed Lineage Leukemia protein-1 (MLL1) is a member of the SET1 family of histone H3 lysine 4 methyltransferases, which require interaction with a conserved sub-complex consisting of WDR5, RbBP5, Ash2L and DPY30 (WRAD2) for maximal activity. It is currently unclear how assembly of SET1 family complexes is involved in the spatiotemporal control of H3K4 methylation in eukaryotic genomes. In this investigation, we systematically characterized the hydrodynamic and kinetic properties of a reconstituted human MLL1 core complex and found that its assembly is highly concentration and temperature dependent. Consistent with a hierarchical assembly pathway, we found that the holo-complex assembles through interactions between the MW and RAD2 sub-complexes, which is correlated with enzymatic activity. Surprisingly, we found that the disassembled state is favored at physiological temperatures, and that this thermodynamic barrier can be overcome under conditions that induce high-local concentrations of subunits in phase separated compartments. Combining this data with the observation that MLL1 primary sequence contains large regions of intrinsic disorder, we propose a "swinging-domain" model in which the interaction between a tethered MW subcomplex and multiple nucleosome-RAD2 complexes is regulated by the rapid formation or dissolution of biomolecular condensates, such as occurs in transcription factories. This model provides an elegant "switch-like" mechanism for spatiotemporal control of H3K4 methylation within eukaryotic genomes.

biochemistry↗