Biology subjects

Nag, A.

Publications and source records attributed to Nag, A..

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

ASPIRE: the Amplicon Sequencing Profiler for Investigating Respiratory Ecosystems

Microbial communities inhabiting the respiratory tract contribute to health status through interactions with host physiology, immune function, and local environmental conditions. Advances in small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU or 16S rRNA) gene amplicon sequencing enable culture-independent profiling of microbial communities as amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), revealing links between microbial dysbiosis and respiratory diseases, and the use of mass spectrometry to measure volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath shows emerging promise for biomarker discovery. Here we present ASPIRE, the Amplicon Sequencing Profiler for Investigating Respiratory Ecosystems, an accessible Nextflow workflow for processing, analyzing, and interpreting linked ASV-VOC data from respiratory microbiome studies. ASPIRE is designed to support scalable comparative analysis across respiratory sample types while preserving intermediate file outputs for inspection and reuse within a standardized file structure.

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2026

Methodological Impacts on Microbiome Structure and Indicator Status in the Human Lower Respiratory Tract

RationaleLung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death globally, and rising incidence among traditionally low-risk individuals intensifies the need for improved early-detection methods that the lower-airway microbiome may inform. ObjectivesTo evaluate how respiratory tract sampling method shapes inferred microbiome structure, and whether bronchial brushing recovers a microbial community ecologically distinct from BAL and oral rinse. MethodsProspective cohort of 33 participants (8 lung cancer, 25 non-cancer controls) underwent oral rinse, bilateral bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and bronchial brushing. Microbiome structure was characterized by small subunit ribosomal rRNA gene amplicon sequence variant (ASV) profiling, with indicator-species analysis and SPIEC-EASI correlation-network mapping used to identify ASVs associated with sample type or cancer status. Measurements and Main ResultsSampling method was the dominant axis of variation. BAL communities closely resembled oral rinse (65 jointly indicative ASVs; none shared with brushing), whereas bronchial brushing yielded a distinct but low-biomass signal. After excluding host-derived sequences, two brush-specific indicator ASVs affiliated with Sphingomonadaceae and an uncultured Steroidobacteraceae were identified that co-localized within a single co-occurrence module. Cancer-status effects were not detectable in this pilot cohort, consistent with limited statistical power. ConclusionsSampling method is the primary determinant of inferred respiratory microbiome structure. Bronchial brushing recovers a distinct but low-biomass signal that is obscured when BAL is used in isolation. However, overlap between this low-biomass signal with host and contaminant sequences indicates that confidently resolving a discrete lower-airway community will require deeper sequencing and dedicated contamination controls. These methodological findings directly inform the design of future cancer-and disease-association studies.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2026

Metastatic Osteosarcoma is Characterized by Loss of Osteoblastic Lineage Fidelity

Osteosarcoma (OS) is a rare and aggressive bone cancer with limited therapeutic progress in several decades. To characterize the transcriptional diversity of malignant cell states in OS, we analyzed single-nucleus RNA sequencing data from 24 tumors, including both primary and metastatic lesions. We identified a canonical osteoblastic cell state that predominated in primary tumor cells, but was dampened in metastases. Integrating tumor data with data from embryonic skeletal development and an experimental osteoblast differentiation model revealed that metastatic OS cells resemble poorly specified mesenchyme enriched for non-osseous programs. Clonal populations in metastatic samples acquired mesenchymal cell states distinct from paired primary tumors. Similar cell state shifts were evident in post-treatment primary tumors relative to paired pre-treatment samples. Our results suggest that localized post-treatment and metastatic OS malignant cells lose osteoblastic lineage fidelity, which may represent a unifying axis of disease evolution and reveal new therapeutic vulnerabilities.

Cancer Biology↗

bioRxiv2026

Proteomic Insights into the Mechanism of Action of Maduramicin, a Novel Ionophore with Potent Antimalarial Activity

Malaria is a common infectious disease in tropical countries and poses serious health burden due to limited treatment choices. In recent years, many of the state of the art anti-malarials such as Artemisinin, Chloroquine and Primaquine have been rendered ineffective due to emergence of resistant parasites. This underscores the urgent need to develop new anti-malarials and elucidate their mechanism of action. Recently, we have demonstrated the potent anti-malarial properties of a known anti-coccidial ionophore, Maduramicin. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of action of Maduramicin in P. falciparum by assessing its stage-specific activity and time-dependent effect on parasite development. The drug exhibited maximum anti-malarial activity against the schizont stage and was characterised as a slow-acting drug. To gain mechanistic insights, we employed iTRAQ based quantitative proteomics approach to analyse global proteome alterations in P. falciparum following Maduramicin treatment. Analysis of the differentially regulated proteins were carried out by using Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway database. The data reflected significant perturbations in protein synthesis, energy metabolism, and other key metabolic pathways in response to Maduramicin treatment. Collectively, our results of the proteomics study were validated by quantitative RT-PCR analysis of 9 representative genes. Our findings provide the basis for understanding the lethal activity of Maduramicin on P.falciparum.

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2025

Adaptive Laboratory Evolution under gradual ciprofloxacin stress leads to efflux-mediated ciprofloxacin resistance and an increase in endogenous antibiotic production in Streptomyces coelicolor.

Streptomyces are soil-dwelling bacteria harboring a vast reservoir of transcriptionally silent antibiotic-resistant genes. Mobilization of these resistance genes to pathogens results in the dissemination of multidrug resistance when exposed to differential antibiotic pressure. To determine the evolution of resistance, we employed adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) in Streptomyces coelicolor under gradually increasing concentrations of ciprofloxacin, starting at the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to 4X MIC. The evolved strain CipRr exhibited elevated resistance towards ciprofloxacin with cross-resistance to other fluoroquinolones, such as ofloxacin and moxifloxacin, and collateral sensitivity to the protein synthesis inhibitors chloramphenicol and tetracycline. Compared to the WT cells, CipRr showed elevated production of secondary metabolites actinorhodin and undecylprodigiosin, altered morphology, and reduced ROS production. Whole Genome Sequencing revealed mutations in transcriptional regulators and other metabolic genes, leading to enhanced activity of efflux pumps that conferred high-level ciprofloxacin resistance. Overall, this study demonstrates that evolutionary strategies in antibiotic producers such as streptomyces can help uncover the genetic determinants linked to antibiotic resistance, secondary metabolism, and morphological differentiation. ImportanceThis study employs adaptive laboratory evolution in the antibiotic-producing bacterium Streptomyces coelicolor to investigate how exposure to gradually increasing concentrations of the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin drives the emergence of high-level resistance and cross-resistance to related drugs, while simultaneously resulting in collateral sensitivity towards other antimicrobial agents. This study also highlights that the evolution of high-level resistance towards ciprofloxacin significantly alters the production of secondary metabolites and cellular morphology. Furthermore, we identify mutations in regulatory and metabolic genes that result in enhanced efflux pump activation, advancing our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying high-level resistance. This study thus highlights the complex interplay between antibiotic resistance, metabolism, and morphological development.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2025

Evaluation of single-cell RNA profiling technologies using FFPE, fresh, and frozen ccRCC tumor specimens

The application of single-cell transcriptomic approaches has deepened our understanding of tumor heterogeneity, immune dynamics, and molecular programs underlying therapy response. The recent development of fixation-compatible single-cell platforms, such as 10x Genomics Flex, offers the opportunity to profile archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens, expanding access to clinically valuable samples. However, most benchmarking studies of recent single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technologies have relied on peripheral blood mononuclear cells, limiting their relevance to human tissues. Here, we compared three 10x single-cell RNA profiling methods, fresh tumor scRNA-seq, flash-frozen single-nucleus Multiome, and FFPE single-nucleus Flex (snFlex), using clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) biopsies. Across methods, we observed broadly consistent cell type-specific transcriptional profiles among major ccRCC cell populations. Despite lower gene and UMI counts, snFlex reliably identified fine-grained states within CD8+ T cells, tumor-associated macrophages, and tumor compartments, comparable to those detected by scRNA-seq. Together, these findings highlight the distinct advantages of each technology depending on sample preservation type and study design, providing practical guidance for single-cell RNA profiling technology selection in translational studies using human tumor biopsies.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2025

Fusion-driven oncogenic programs shape the immune landscape in translocation renal cell carcinoma

Renal cell carcinomas comprise multiple molecularly distinct cancers but most are treated empirically with therapies designed for clear cell RCC (ccRCC), the most common subtype, due to incomplete understanding of subtype-specific biology. We analyzed single-cell transcriptomes and chromatin accessibility profiles from translocation renal cell carcinoma (tRCC), an aggressive RCC defined by oncogenic TFE3 gene fusions. Unexpectedly, despite arising from a proximal tubule cell of origin similar to ccRCC, tRCCs display markedly distinct oncogenic programs and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. tRCCs exhibit six conserved tumor meta-programs, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition and proximal tubule identity programs whose balance is regulated by TFE3 fusion activity. The fusion-driven EMT program drives a suppressive TME marked by progenitor-exhausted CD8+ T cells, anti-inflammatory SPP1+ macrophages, and matrix-associated fibroblasts (mCAFs). Our findings highlight unique TFE3 fusion-driven biology in tRCC, explaining its reduced immunotherapy responsiveness relative to ccRCC, and suggesting strategies for targeting fusion-driven oncogenic programs and TME reprogramming.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2025

Epigenetic dysregulation of metabolic programs mediates liposarcoma cell plasticity

Sarcomas are rare connective tissue cancers thought to arise from aberrant mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation. Liposarcoma (LPS) holds valuable insights into dysfunctional differentiation given its well- and dedifferentiated histologic subtypes (WDLPS, DDLPS). Despite well-established differences in histology and clinical behavior, the molecular pathways underlying each subtype are poorly understood. Here, we performed single-nucleus multiome sequencing and spatial profiling on carefully curated human LPS samples and found defects in adipocyte-specific differentiation within LPS. Loss of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and gain of cellular programs related to early mesenchymal development and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-induced insulin secretion are primary features of DDLPS. IGF1 loss was associated with worse overall survival in LPS patients. Through in vitro stimulation of the IGF1 pathway, we identified that DDLPS cells are deficient in the adipose-specific PPARG isoform 2 (PPARG2). Defects in IGF1/PPARG2 signaling in DDLPS led to a block in differentiation that could not be fully overcome with the addition of exogenous IGF1 or the pro-adipogenic agonists to PPARG and GLP-1. However, we noted upregulation of the IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) in the setting of IGF1 deficiency, which promoted sensitivity to an IGF1R-targeted antibody-drug conjugate that may serve as a novel therapeutic strategy in LPS. In summary, lineage-specific defects in adipogenesis drive dedifferentiation in LPS and may translate into selective therapeutic targeting in this disease.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2024

Insight into the regulatory mechanism of the MFS transporter, SCO4121 by the MarR regulator, SCO4122

MarR group of transcriptional regulators are ubiquitous in bacteria and found to be involved in regulation of efflux pumps that confer multidrug resistance phenotype. While most characterized MarR regulators act as transcriptional repressors, we earlier identified a MarR regulator SCO4122 in Streptomyces coelicolor, playing an essential role in transcriptional activation of the MFS transporter SCO4121 in response to multiple substrates of the latter, including streptomycin, ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol. In this study, using Surface Plasmon Resonance, we demonstrate that SCO4122 interacts directly with the diverse substrates of SCO4121 with the highest affinity for streptomycin with a KD of 0.73 M. Further, in-vitro and in-vivo studies reveal that SCO4122 also binds to the intergenic region between sco4121 and sco4122, where the interaction is dependent on the cooperative binding of SCO4122 to three motifs in this region. A conserved Methionine, M93, in SCO4122 is identified to be an integral amino acid residue that is involved in activation of SCO4121 in response to ciprofloxacin, streptomycin and EtBr but not chloramphenicol. Furthermore, our studies also indicate that upon binding to different substrates, the affinity of SCO4122 to the sco4121 promoter increases 50-1000 fold, thereby leading to enhanced expression of the transporter, SCO4121. This study thus highlights that SCO4122 is a novel MarR regulator that functions as a strong transcriptional activator of an efflux pump, SCO4121, through intricate molecular mechanisms in presence of structurally dissimilar substrates. Graphical abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=97 SRC="FIGDIR/small/577416v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (15K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@3394e2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@73afb1org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@113c724org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1772ac9_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG

molecular biology↗

bioRxiv2023

Odor source location can be predicted from a time-history of odor statistics for a large-scale outdoor plume

Odor plumes in turbulent environments are intermittent and sparse. Lab-scaled experiments suggest that information about the source distance may be encoded in odor signal statistics, yet it is unclear whether useful and continuous distance estimates can be made under real-world flow conditions. Here we analyze odor signals from outdoor experiments with a sensor moving across large spatial scales in desert and forest environments to show that odor signal statistics can yield useful estimates of distance. We show that achieving accurate estimates of distance requires integrating statistics from 5-10 seconds, with a high temporal encoding of the olfactory signal of at least 20 Hz. By combining distance estimates from a linear model with wind-relative motion dynamics, we achieved source distance estimates in a 60x60 m2 search area with median errors of 3-8 meters, a distance at which point odor sources are often within visual range for animals such as mosquitoes.

ecology↗

bioRxiv2023

Somatic mutation but not aneuploidy differentiates lung cancer in never-smokers and smokers.

Lung cancer in never-smokers disproportionately affects older women. To understand the mutational landscape of this cohort, we performed detailed genome characterization of 73 lung adenocarcinomas from participants of the Womens Health Initiative (WHI). We find enrichment of EGFR mutations in never-/light-smokers and KRAS mutations in heavy smokers as expected, but we also show that the specific variants of these genes differ by smoking status, with important therapeutic implications. Mutational signature analysis revealed signatures of clock, APOBEC, and DNA repair deficiency in never-/light-smokers; however, the mutational load of these signatures did not differ significantly from those found in smokers. Last, tumors from both smokers and never-/light-smokers shared copy number subtypes, with no significant differences in aneuploidy. Thus, the genomic landscape of lung cancer in never-/light-smokers and smokers is predominantly differentiated by somatic mutations and not copy number alterations.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2022

Curation of the Deep Green list of unannotated green lineage proteins to enable structural and functional characterization

An explosion of sequenced genomes and predicted proteomes enabled by low cost deep sequencing has revolutionized biology. Unfortunately, protein functional annotation is more complex, and has not kept pace with the sequencing revolution. We identified unannotated proteins in three model organisms representing distinct parts of the green lineage (Viridiplantae); Arabidopsis thaliana (dicot), Setaria viridis (monocot), and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlorophyte alga). Using similarity searching we found the subset of unannotated proteins that were conserved between these species and defined them as Deep Green proteins. Informatic, genomic, and structural predictions were leveraged to begin inferring functional information about Deep Green genes and proteins. The Deep Green set was enriched for proteins with predicted chloroplast targeting signals that are predictive of photosynthetic or plastid functions. Strikingly, structural predictions using AlphaFold and comparisons to known structures show that a significant proportion of Deep Green proteins may possess novel protein tertiary structures. The Deep Green genes and proteins provide a starting resource of high value targets for further investigation of potentially new protein structures and functions that are conserved in the green lineage.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2022

Genotyping, sequencing and analysis of 140,000 adults from the Mexico City Prospective Study

The Mexico City Prospective Study (MCPS) is a prospective cohort of over 150,000 adults recruited two decades ago from the urban districts of Coyoacan and Iztapalapa in Mexico City. We generated genotype and exome sequencing data for all individuals, and whole genome sequencing for 10,000 selected individuals. We uncovered high levels of relatedness and substantial heterogeneity in ancestry composition across individuals. Most sequenced individuals had admixed Native American, European and African ancestry, with extensive admixture from indigenous groups in Central, Southern and South Eastern Mexico. Native Mexican segments of the genome had lower levels of coding variation, but an excess of homozygous loss of function variants compared with segments of African and European origin. We estimated population specific allele frequencies at 142 million genomic variants, with an effective sample size of 91,856 for Native Mexico at exome variants, all available via a public browser. Using whole genome sequencing, we developed an imputation reference panel which outperforms existing panels at common variants in individuals with high proportions of Central, South and South Eastern Native Mexican ancestry. Our work illustrates the value of genetic studies in populations with diverse ancestry and provides foundational imputation and allele frequency resources for future genetic studies in Mexico and in the United States where the Hispanic/Latino population is predominantly of Mexican descent.

genetics↗

bioRxiv2021

Acyl-CoA Thioesterases; a rheostat that controls activated fatty acids modulates dengue virus serotype 2 replication

During infection with dengue viruses (DENVs), the lipid landscape within host cells is significantly altered to assemble membrane platforms that support viral replication and particle assembly. Fatty acyl-CoAs are key intermediates in the biosynthesis of complex lipids that form these membranes. They also function as key signaling lipids in the cell. Here, we carried out loss of function studies on acyl-CoA thioesterases (ACOTs), a family of enzymes that hydrolyze fatty acyl-CoAs to free fatty acids and coenzyme A, to understand their influence on the lifecycle of DENVs. Loss of function of the type I ACOTs 1 (cytoplasmic) and 2 (mitochondrial) together significantly increased DENV serotype 2 (DENV2) viral replication and infectious particle release. However, isolated knockdown of mitochondrial ACOT2 significantly decreased DENV2 protein translation, genome replication, and infectious virus release. Furthermore, loss of ACOT7 function, a mitochondrial type II ACOT, similarly suppressed DENV2. As ACOT1 and ACOT2 are splice variants, these data suggest that location (cytosol and mitochondria, respectively) rather than function of these proteins may account for the differences in DENV2 infection phenotype. Additionally, loss of mitochondrial ACOT2 and ACOT7 expression also altered the expression of several ACOTs located in multiple organelle compartments within the cell highlighting a complex relationship between ACOTs in the DENV2 virus lifecycle.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2021

The Anaphase Promoting Complex/ cyclosome co-activator, Cdh1, is a novel target of human Papillomavirus 16 E7 oncoprotein in cervical oncogenesis

The transforming properties of the high risk human papillomavirus E7 oncoprotein are indispensable for driving the virus life cycle and pathogenesis. Besides inactivation of retinoblastoma (Rb) family of tumor suppressors as part of its oncogenic endeavors, E7-mediated perturbations of eminent cell cycle regulators, checkpoint proteins and proto-oncogenes are considered to be the tricks of its transformative traits. However, many such critical interactions are still unknown. In the present study, we have identified the anaphase promoting complex/ cyclosome (APC/C) co-activator, Cdh1, as a novel interacting partner and a degradation target of E7. We found that HPV16 E7-induced inactivation of Cdh1 promoted abnormal accumulation of multiple Cdh1 substrates. Such a mode of deregulation possibly contributes to HPV-mediated cervical oncogenesis. Our mapping studies recognized the carboxyl-terminal zinc finger motif of E7 to associate with Cdh1 and interfere with the timely degradation of FoxM1, a bona fide Cdh1 substrate and a potent oncogene. Importantly, the E7 mutant with impaired interaction with Cdh1 exhibited defects in its ability for overriding typical cell cycle transition and oncogenic transformation, thereby validating the functional and pathological significance of the E7-Cdh1 axis during cervical carcinoma progression. Altogether, the findings from our study discover a unique nexus between E7 and APC/C-Cdh1, thereby adding to our understanding of the mechanism of E7-induced carcinogenesis and provide a promising target for the management of cervical carcinoma.

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2020

Surveying the contribution of rare variants to the genetic architecture of human disease through exome sequencing of 177,882 UK Biobank participants

The UK Biobank (UKB) represents an unprecedented population-based study of 502,543 participants with detailed phenotypic data and linkage to medical records. While the release of genotyping array data for this cohort has bolstered genomic discovery for common variants, the contribution of rare variants to this broad phenotype collection remains relatively unknown. Here, we use exome sequencing data from 177,882 UKB participants to evaluate the association between rare protein-coding variants with 10,533 binary and 1,419 quantitative phenotypes. We performed both a variant-level phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) and a gene-level collapsing analysis-based PheWAS tailored to detecting the aggregate contribution of rare variants. The latter revealed 911 statistically significant gene-phenotype relationships, with a median odds ratio of 15.7 for binary traits. Among the binary trait associations identified using collapsing analysis, 83% were undetectable using single variant association tests, emphasizing the power of collapsing analysis to detect signal in the setting of high allelic heterogeneity. As a whole, these genotype-phenotype associations were significantly enriched for loss-of-function mediated traits and currently approved drug targets. Using these results, we summarise the contribution of rare variants to common diseases in the context of the UKB phenome and provide an example of how novel gene-phenotype associations can aid in therapeutic target prioritisation.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2020

Effect of earthworms in removal and fate of Antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistant genes (ARG) during clinical laboratory wastewater treatment by vermifiltration

The wastewater treatment plants effluent has been implicated in the spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) as these environment contains multiple selective pressures that may increase mutation rates, pathogen survivability, and induce gene transfer between bacteria. In lieu of this, the present study explored the dynamics of earthworm-microorganisms interactions on the treatment efficacy of clinical laboratory wastewater treatment by vermifiltration and the effect of earthworms in the fate of removal of pathogens and ARB. The results of the study showed that earthworms and VF associated microbial community had a significant effect on BOD and COD reduction (78-85%), pathogen removal (>99.9 %) and caused a significant shift in the prevalence pattern of ARB. Additionally, molecular profiling of ESBL (blaSHV, blaTEM and blaCTX-M), MRSA (mec-A) and Colistin (mcr-1) gene confirmed the probable mechanisms behind the resistance pattern. The microbial community diversity assists in the formation of biofilm, which helps in the removal of pathogens and results in a paradigm shift in the resistance profile of ARB and ARG, specifically most effective against drugs, targeting cell wall and protein synthesis inhibition like Ampicillin, Ticarcillin, Gentamicin and Chloramphenicol. These findings prove vermifiltration technology as a sustainable and natural treatment technology for clinical laboratory wastewater.

ecology↗

bioRxiv2020

Design, Performance Evaluation and Investigation of the Dynamic Mechanisms of Earthworm-Microorganisms interactions for wastewater treatment through Vermifiltration technology

The present study points to the relevance of the earthworms-microorganisms symbiotic and synergistic interactions that drive the wastewater treatment by identifying the most essential mechanisms underlying the removal of contaminants during vermifiltration technology. Previous studies have showed the presence of earthworms improves treatment performance of vermifilter (VF), but earthworm microbial community dynamics, their structure and functional characteristics in VF were not fully investigated. To investigate the effects of earthworms on the inherent microbial community of the VF, the present study envisages the dynamics of the complex symbiosis of earthworms & microorganisms associated to the treatment mechanisms. In this study, the design, operations and performance evaluation and influent, effluent and filter media layer were investigated for microbial diversity inside the earthworm population, along with the antimicrobial activity, enzymatic activity, and protein profiling assays. The results showed that earthworm gut microbial communities were dominated by Gammaproteobacteria, and the percentages arrived to 59-60% of the microbial species detected, while filter media layer showed presence of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. The protein profiling of the microbiota associated with the VF showed that earthworms feeding and earthworm-microorganism interaction were responsible for enhanced treatment performance. The finding provides an insight into the complex earthworm microbial dynamics and mechanisms for wastewater treatment in VF. Furthermore, earthworm predation strongly regulated microbial biomass while improving microbial activity, and is deciphered as the possible mechanisms behind the vermifiltration technology.

ecology↗