Environmental and Population influences on Mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) Gut Microbiomes
The mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus, an abundant estuarine fish broadly distributed along the eastern coast of North America, has repeatedly evolved tolerance to otherwise lethal levels of aromatic hydrocarbon exposure. This tolerance is linked to reduced activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signaling pathway. In other animals, the AHR has been shown to influence the gastrointestinal-associated microbial community, or gut microbiome, particularly when activated by the model toxic pollutant 3,3,4,4,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-126) and other dioxin-like compounds. In order to understand host population and PCB-126 exposure effects on mummichog gut microbiota, we sampled two populations of wild fish, one from a PCB-contaminated environment (New Bedford Harbor, MA) and the other from a non-polluted location (Scorton Creek, MA), as well as laboratory-reared F2 generation fish originating from each of these populations. We examined the bacteria and archaea associated with the gut of these fish using amplicon sequencing of small subunit ribosomal RNA genes. Fish living in the PCB-polluted site had high microbial alpha and beta diversity and an altered microbial network structure compared to fish from the non-polluted site. These differences between wild fish were not present in laboratory-reared F2 fish that originated from the same populations. Microbial compositional differences existed between the wild and lab-reared fish, with the wild fish dominated by Vibrionaceae and the lab-reared fish by Enterococceae. These results suggest that mummichog habitat and/or environmental conditions has a stronger influence on the mummichog gut microbiome compared to population or hereditary-based influences. Mummichog are important eco-evolutionary model organisms; this work reveals their importance for exploring host-environmental-microbiome dynamics.