Morkel, M. | bioRxiv Science

bioRxiv2018

Cell type-dependent differential activation of ERK by oncogenic KRAS or BRAF in the mouse intestinal epithelium

Mutations activating the KRAS GTPase or the BRAF kinase are frequent in colorectal cancer and are thought to constitutively activate the terminal mitogen-activated protein kinase, ERK. Using mass cytometry, we found graded phosphorylation of ERK anti-correlated with cell differentiation in patient-derived colorectal cancer organoids, independent of KRAS mutational status. Reporter, single cell transcriptome and mass cytometry analyses showed that transgenic KRASG12V activated ERK in a cell type-specific pattern in mouse intestinal organoids. In contrast, transgenic BRAFV600E triggered high ERK activity and downstream gene expression in all intestinal cell types, followed by epithelial disorganisation. Quantitative network modelling from perturbation data revealed that activation of ERK is shaped by cell type-specific MEK to ERK feed forward and negative feedback signalling. We identified dual-specificity phosphatases as candidate modulators of ERK activity between intestinal cell types. Furthermore, we found that oncogenic KRAS, together with {beta}-Catenin, favoured expansion of crypt cells with high ERK activity. Our experiments highlight key differences between ERK activity elicited by the BRAF or KRAS oncogenes in colorectal cancer and find unexpected heterogeneity in a signalling pathway with fundamental relevance for cancer therapy.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2018

Non-canonical HIF-1 stabilization is essential for intestinal tumorigenesis

The hypoxia-inducible transcription factor HIF-1 is appreciated as a promising target for cancer therapy. However, conditional deletion of HIF-1 and HIF-1 target genes in cells of the tumor microenvironment can result in accelerated tumor growth, calling for a detailed characterization of the cellular context to fully comprehend HIF-1s role in tumorigenesis. We dissected cell type-specific functions of HIF-1 for intestinal tumorigenesis by lineage-restricted deletion of the Hif1a locus. Intestinal epithelial cell-specific Hif1a loss reduced activation of wnt/{beta}-catenin, tumor-specific metabolism and inflammation, significantly inhibiting tumor growth. Deletion of Hif1a in myeloid cells reduced the expression of fibroblast-activating factors in tumor-associated macrophages resulting in decreased abundance of tumor-associated fibroblasts and robustly reduced tumor formation. Interestingly, hypoxia was detectable only sparsely and without spatial association with nuclear HIF-1 in intestinal adenomas, pointing towards a functional importance of hypoxia-independent, i.e. non-canonical HIF-1 stabilization that has not been previously appreciated. This adds a further layer of complexity to the regulation of HIF-1 and suggests that hypoxia and HIF-1 stabilization can be uncoupled in cancer. Collectively, our data show that HIF-1 is a pivotal pro-tumorigenic factor for intestinal tumor formation, controlling key oncogenic programs in both the epithelial tumor compartment and the tumor microenvironment.

cancer biology↗