Morales, E. | bioRxiv Science

bioRxiv2021

How faculty define quality, prestige, and impact in research

Despite the calls for change, there is significant consensus that when it comes to evaluating publications, review, promotion, and tenure processes should aim to reward research that is of high "quality," has an "impact," and is published in "prestigious" journals. Nevertheless, such terms are highly subjective and present challenges to ascertain precisely what such research looks like. Accordingly, this article responds to the question: how do faculty from universities in the United States and Canada define the terms quality, prestige, and impact? We address this question by surveying 338 faculty members from 55 different institutions. This studys findings highlight that, despite their highly varied definitions, faculty often describe these terms in overlapping ways. Additionally, results shown that marked variance in definitions across faculty does not correspond to demographic characteristics. This studys results highlight the need to more clearly implement evaluation regimes that do not rely on ill-defined concepts. Financial DisclosureFunding for this project was provided to JPA, MTN, ECM, and LAS from the OpenSociety Foundations (OR2017-39637). The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Related MaterialsOther publications related to this project, including a series of infographics summarizing findings, can be found at: https://www.scholcommlab.ca/research/rpt-project/ Survey responses can be found at the following publication: Niles, Meredith T.; Schimanski, Lesley A.; McKiernan, Erin C.; Alperin, Juan Pablo,2020, "Data for: Why we publish where we do", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/MRLHNO, Harvard Dataverse, V1 Data regarding RPT documents can be found at the following data publication: Alperin, Juan Pablo; Munoz Nieves, Carol; Schimanski, Lesley; McKiernan, Erin C.;Niles, Meredith T., 2018, "Terms and Concepts found in Tenure and Promotion Guidelines from the US and Canada", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VY4TJE, Harvard Dataverse, V3, UNF:6:PQC7QoilolhDrokzDPxxyQ== [fileUNF]

scientific communication and education↗

bioRxiv2020

Simple Assay, Kinetics, and Biochemical Trends for Soil Microbial Catalases

In this report, we expand upon the enzymology and biochemical ecology of soil catalases through development and application of a simple kinetic model and assay based upon volume displacement. Through this approach, we (A) directly relate apparent Michaelis-Menten terms to the catalase reaction mechanism, (B) obtain upper estimates of the intrinsic rate constants for the catalase community [Formula] and moles of catalase per 16S rRNA gene copy number, (C) utilize catalase specific activities (SAs) to obtain biomass estimates of soil and permafrost communities (LOD, ~104 copy number gdw-1), and (D) relate kinetic trends to changes in bacterial community structure. This model represents a novel approach to the kinetic treatment of soil catalases, while simultaneously incorporating barometric adjustments to afford comparisons across field measurements. As per our model, and when compared to garden soils, biological soil crusts exhibited ~2-fold lower values for [Formula], [≥]105-fold higher catalase moles per biomass (250-1200 zmol copy number-1), and ~104-fold higher SAs per biomass (74-230 fkat copy number-1). However, the highest SAs were obtained from permafrost and high-elevation soil communities (5900-6700 fkat copy number-1). In sum, these total trends suggest that microbial communities which experience higher degrees of native oxidative stress possess higher basal intracellular catalase concentrations and SAs per biomass, and that differing kinetic profiles across catalase communities are indicative of phylum and/or genus-level changes in community structure. For microbial ecology, therefore, these measures effectively serve as markers for microbial activity and abundance, and additionally provide insights into the community responses to exogenous stress. ImportanceThe efficient management of oxidative stresses arising from environmental pressures are central to the homeostasis of soil microbial communities. Among the enzymes that manage oxidative stress are catalases, which degrade hydrogen peroxide into oxygen gas and water. In this report, we detail the development and application of a simple kinetic model and assay to measure catalase reaction rates and estimate soil biomass. Our assay is based upon volume displacement, and is low-cost, field-amenable, and suitable for scientists and educators from all disciplines. Our results suggest that microbial communities that experience higher degrees of native oxidative stress possess higher basal intracellular catalase concentrations and specific activities when expressed per biomass. For microbial ecology, therefore, these measures serve as biochemical markers for microbial activity and abundance, and provide insights into the community responses to exogenous stress; thereby providing a novel means to study active microbial communities in soils and permafrost.

biochemistry↗