Comprehensive Analysis of CRISPR Base Editing Outcomes for Multimeric Protein
Point mutations in the KCNJ13 gene cause an autosomal recessive, childhood blindness, Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA16) due to a loss-of-function Kir7.1 channel. In the present study, we investigated the etiology of LCA16 caused by a KCNJ13 missense mutation (c.431T>C, p.Leu144Pro) and explored the activity of two cytosine base editors mRNAs (CBEs, BE4max-WTCas9, and evoCDA-SpCas9-NG) as a proof-of-concept therapeutic option. We observed the KCNJ13-related retinopathy phenotype in patients harboring L144P mutation. Our in-silico prediction and in vitro validation demonstrated that L144P mutation affects the channel function. We observed high on-target efficiency in the CBEs treated L144P mutant gene expressing HEK-293 cells. Strikingly, our evaluation of base editing efficacy using electrophysiology showed negligible channel function. We found that the editing bystander Cs in the protospacer region led to a missense change (L143F) in evoCDA edited cells and only silent changes in BE4max edited cells. Upon investigation of the effect of the synonymous codon, our extended analysis revealed distortion of mRNA structure, altered half-life, and/or low abundance of the cognate tRNA. We propose that KCNJ13-L144P mutation or other genes that share similar genetic complexity may be challenging to correct with the current generation of CRISPR base editors, and a combinational therapy using CRISPR base editors with a tighter editing window and requisite cognate-tRNA supplementation could be an alternative therapeutic approach to restore Kir7.1 channel function in LCA16 patients. Other options for hard-to-rescue alleles could employ homology-directed repair using CRISPR/Cas9 nucleases, Prime editing, and AAV-mediated gene augmentation.