Human Neural Organoid Microphysiological Systems Show the Building Blocks Necessary for Basic Learning and Memory
Brain Microphysiological Systems including neural organoids derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells offer a unique lens to study the intricate workings of the human brain. This paper investigates the foundational elements of learning and memory in neural organoids, also known as Organoid Intelligence by quantifying immediate early gene expression, synaptic plasticity, neuronal network dynamics, and criticality to demonstrate the utility of these organoids in basic science research. Neural organoids showed synapse formation, glutamatergic and GABAergic receptor expression, immediate early gene expression basally and evoked, functional connectivity, criticality, and synaptic plasticity in response to theta-burst stimulation. In addition, pharmacological interventions on GABAergic and glutamatergic receptors, and input specific theta-burst stimulation further shed light on the capacity of neural organoids to mirror synaptic modulation and short-term potentiation, demonstrating their potential as tools for studying neurophysiological and neurological processes and informing therapeutic strategies for diseases. Graphical Abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=169 SRC="FIGDIR/small/613333v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (54K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@50a256org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d1f8c9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@24688borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4ba3b4_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG Overview of the main components of the experiments conducted. Figure created using BioRender.com.