Miller, L. S. | bioRxiv Science

bioRxiv2023

Ets1 and IL17RA cooperate to regulate autoimmune responses as well as skin immunity to Staphylococcus aureus

Ets1 is a lymphoid-enriched transcription factor that regulates B and T cell functions in development and disease. Mice that lack Ets1 (Ets1 KO) develop spontaneous autoimmune disease with high levels of autoantibodies. Naive CD4+ T cells isolated from Ets1 KO mice differentiate more readily to Th17 cells that secrete IL-17, a cytokine implicated in autoimmune disease pathogenesis. To determine if increased IL-17 production contributes to the development of autoimmunity in Ets1 KO mice, we crossed Ets1 KO mice to mice lacking the IL-17 receptor A subunit (IL17RA KO) to generate double knock out (DKO) mice. We found that the absence of IL17RA signaling did not prevent or ameliorate the autoimmune phenotype of Ets1 KO mice, but rather that DKO animals exhibited worse symptoms with striking increases in activated B cells and secreted autoantibodies. This was correlated with a prominent increase in the numbers of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. In addition to the autoimmune phenotype, DKO mice also showed signs of immunodeficiency and developed spontaneous skin lesions colonized by Staphylococcus xylosus. When DKO mice were experimentally infected with S. aureus they were unable to clear the bacteria, suggesting a general immunodeficiency to Staphylococcal species. {gamma}{delta} T cells are important for control of skin Staphylococcal infections. We found that mice lacking Ets1 have a complete deficiency of the {gamma}{delta} T cell subset dendritic epidermal T cells (DETC), which are involved in skin wound healing responses. To determine if loss of DETC might promote susceptibility to Staph infection, we depleted DETC from IL17RA KO mice and found that the combined loss of DETC and IL-17 signaling leads to a failure to clear the infection. Our studies suggest that defects in wound healing, such as that caused by loss of DETC, can cooperate with impaired IL-17 responses to lead to increased susceptibility to skin Staph infections.

immunology↗

bioRxiv2019

Quantitative intravital imaging of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites: A novel platform to test malaria intervention strategies

Malaria infection starts with the injection of motile Plasmodium sporozoites into the hosts skin during a mosquito bite. Previous studies using the rodent malaria model indicate that the dermal inoculation site may be where sporozoites are most vulnerable to antibodies, yet, functional in vivo assays with human malaria parasites are lacking. Here, we present the first characterization of P. falciparum sporozoites in the skin, comparing their motility to two rodent malaria species and investigating whether the environment of its natural host influences P. falciparum sporozoite motility using a human skin xenograft model. The combined data suggest that in contrast to the liver and blood stages, the skin is not a species-specific barrier for Plasmodium. We observe that P. falciparum sporozoites inoculated into mouse skin move with similar speed, displacement and duration, and enter blood vessels in similar numbers as the rodent parasites. Thus, interventions targeting P. falciparum sporozoite migration can be tested in the murine dermis. Importantly, to streamline quantification of sporozoite motility, we developed a toolbox allowing for automated detection and tracking of sporozoites in intravital microscopy videos. This establishes a platform to test vaccine candidates, immunization protocols, monoclonal antibodies and drug candidates for their impact on human malaria sporozoites in vivo. Screening of intervention strategies for in vivo efficacy against Pf sporozoites using this new platform will have the potential to validate targets prior to expensive clinical trials.

microbiology↗